Phytochemical-Mediated Communication Between Plants and Animals: Emerging Insights into Cross-Kingdom Interactions

Abstract

Phytochemicals are bioactive secondary metabolites produced by plants that play critical roles in ecological interactions and defense responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that these compounds function as chemical signals mediating communication between plants and animals, thereby influencing herbivory, pollination, seed dispersal, immunity, and symbiotic associations. Cross-kingdom communication through phytochemicals involves volatile organic compounds (VOCs), flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and small RNAs that regulate physiological and behavioral responses in animals. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores, establishing indirect defense systems in ecosystems. Similarly, floral phytochemicals influence pollinator attraction and feeding preferences, contributing to plant reproductive success. Emerging evidence also suggests that dietary plant-derived microRNAs and metabolites may modulate gene expression and immune responses in animals. Rhizospheric phytochemicals mediate interactions among plants, microbes, insects, and soil fauna, demonstrating the complexity of interkingdom signaling networks. Advances in metabolomics, genomics, and molecular ecology have expanded understanding of the biochemical pathways underlying these interactions. This review highlights the mechanisms of phytochemical-mediated communication, ecological significance, molecular signaling pathways, and potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability. Understanding cross-kingdom phytochemical interactions may contribute to sustainable pest management, ecosystem conservation, and novel therapeutic discoveries.

, , , ,,, ,,,