A review on hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal axis
Abstract
The effector hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis neuroendocrine system are the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone.The level of corticosterone, a systemic intercellular signal, changes dynamically with environmental and psychological stressors and predictably varies with time of day. A wide range of physiological and mental health issues are linked to irregularities in the typical HPA axis activity profiles. Despite several investigations that have uncovered molecular, cellular, and systems-level glucocorticoid actions to date, more glucocorticoid actions, and connections with clinical state, need to be discovered. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis feedback regulation may be compromised due to reduced mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated feedback in the brain. Medicinal herbs and their compounds have been shown to have a preventative impact against depression through a variety of ways. Medicinal plants can provide fresh ideas for antidepressant medication research.
Keywords:
hormones, neuroendocrine system, pituitary gland
References
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2. Turnbull AV, Rivier C. Regulation of the HPA axis by cytokines. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 1995 Dec 1;9(4):253-75.
3. Young EA, Lopez JF, Murphy-Weinberg V, Watson SJ, Akil H. The role of mineralocorticoid receptors in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1998 Sep 1;83(9):3339-45.
4. Speer KE, Semple S, Naumovski N, D'Cunha NM, McKune AJ. HPA axis function and diurnal cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Neurobiology of stress. 2019 Nov 1;11:100180.
5. Zaloga GP, Marik P. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency. Critical care clinics. 2001 Jan 1;17(1):25-41.
6. Pariante CM, Lightman SL. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends in neurosciences. 2008 Sep 1;31(9):464-8.
7. Dean F, Matthews SG. Maternal dexamethasone treatment in late gestation alters glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in the fetal guinea pig brain. Brain research. 1999 Nov 6;846(2):253-9.
8. Male U, Uppugalla S, Srinivasan P. Effect of reduced graphene oxide–silica composite in polyaniline: electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2015 Nov;19(11):3381-8.
9. Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Garner B, Thompson KN, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Berger G. Stress, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;40(9):725-41.
10. Spiga F, Walker JJ, Terry JR, Lightman SL. HPA axis‐rhythms. Comprehensive physiology. 2011 Jan 17;4(3):1273-98
11. Taves MD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK. Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011 Jul;301(1):E11-24.
12. Uppugalla S, Male U, Srinivasan P. Design and synthesis of heteroatoms doped carbon/polyaniline hybrid material for high performance electrode in supercapacitor application. ElectrochimicaActa. 2014 Nov 10;146:242-8.
13. Otte C, Yassouridis A, Jahn H, Maass P, Stober N, Wiedemann K, Kellner M. Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in aged humans. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 Oct 1;58(10):B900-5.
14. Kudielka BM, Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biological psychology. 2005 Apr 1;69(1):113-32.
15. Parajuli D, Uppugalla S, Murali N, Ramakrishna A, Suryanarayana B, Samatha K. Synthesis and Characterization MXene-Ferrite Nanocomposites and its application for Dying and Shielding. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2022 Dec 16:110319.
16. Botsa SM, Seetharam P, Raju IM, Suresh P, Satyanarayana G, Sambasivam S, Susmitha U, Tejeswararao D. Nanohybrid material of Co–TiO2 and optical performance on methylene blue dye under visible light illumination. Hybrid Advances. 2022 Dec 8:100008.
17. Zhu LJ, Liu MY, Li H, Liu X, Chen C, Han Z, Wu HY, Jing X, Zhou HH, Suh H, Zhu DY. The different roles of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus and hypothalamus in chronic stress-induced HPA axis hyperactivity. PloS one. 2014 May 15;9(5):e97689
18. Clow A, Hucklebridge F, Stalder T, Evans P, Thorn L. The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010 Sep 1;35(1):97-103.
19. Juruena MF. Early-life stress and HPA axis trigger recurrent adulthood depression. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2014 Sep 1;38:148-59.
20. Sriram N, Uppugalla S, Rajesh K. Cognitive Enhancing And Antioxidant Activity Of Ethyl Acetate Soluble Fraction Of The Methanol Extract Of Pisonia Alba Leaves In Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022 Dec 1:3740-9.
21. Wang S, Wang C, Yu Z, Wu C, Peng D, Liu X, Liu Y, Yang Y, Guo P, Wei J. Agarwood essential oil ameliorates restrain stress-induced anxiety and depression by inhibiting HPA axis hyperactivity. International journal of molecular sciences. 2018 Nov 5;19(11):3468.
22. Lee S, Rhee DK. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Journal of ginseng research. 2017 Oct 1;41(4):589-94.
23. Krishnamurthy S, Garabadu D, Ranga Reddy N. Asparagus racemosus modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and brain monoaminergic systems in rats. Nutritional neuroscience. 2013 Nov 1;16(6):255-61.
24. Wang M, Dong W, Wang R, Xu X, Wu Y, Sun G, Sun X. Gastrodiae Rhizoma Water Extract Ameliorates Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity and Inflammation Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats. BioMed research international. 2020 Jun 10;2020.
25. Frost P, Bornstein S, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, O’Kirwan F, Hutson C, Heber D, Go V, Licinio J, Wong ML. The prototypic antidepressant drug, imipramine, but not Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort), reduces HPA-axis function in the rat. Hormone and metabolic research. 2003 Oct;35(10):602-6.
Published
25/12/2022
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Vakkalagadda , S. G., M, R. K., M, D. C., C, C. G., S, N., & B, A. H. (2022). A review on hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal axis. The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(3), 19-22. https://doi.org/10.37022/tjmdr.v2i3.378
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