DESIGN AND ADVANCEMENTS OF IMPLANTABLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Abstract

Conventional drug delivery systems often provide limited control over drug release profiles, resulting in fluctuating plasma concentrations, reduced therapeutic efficacy, and increased adverse effects. To overcome these limitations, Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have been developed, among which Implantable Drug Delivery Systems (IDDS) represent a promising approach for controlled, targeted, and sustained drug administration. The reviewed studies highlight the design, materials, mechanisms, and applications of implantable systems, including polymeric implants and advanced magnetically actuated soft capsule robots. These systems enable zero-order or programmable drug release directly at the site of action, minimizing systemic exposure and improving patient compliance. Shape-programmable and magnetically controlled capsules demonstrate the potential for gastric retention, safe tissue interaction, and controlled drug release, followed by safe elimination from the body. IDDS are particularly beneficial for drugs with poor oral bioavailability, enzymatic degradation, or narrow therapeutic windows, such as insulin, steroids, and anticancer agents. Applications span multiple therapeutic areas including oncology, ophthalmology, dentistry, and contraception. Despite their advantages-such as reduced dosing frequency, improved efficacy, and targeted delivery-high cost, complex design, and the need for extensive clinical validation remain significant challenges. Continued research and technological refinement are essential to enhance safety, affordability, and large-scale clinical adoption of implantable drug delivery systems.