NATURAL PIGMENTS ASA SOURCEOF LIPSTICKS COLOURS: A FUTURE PROSPECT
Abstract
Manufacturers are being pushed to search for safer and more sustainable alternatives due to rising awareness about the toxic effects of synthetic ingredients used in cosmetics. Synthetic lipsticks contain toxic dyes and heavy metals that may cause injury and harmful long-term effects. In this case, natural pigments from plant sources could be a good alternative. This study demonstrates the potential of plant-based pigment as a colourant for lipsticks. Colors obtained from Bixa Orellana, Terminalia Catappa, Ixora. Beta vulgaris, Daucus carota and coccinea are common formulation herbs.Carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains are examples of natural colorants that give formulations beautiful shades. Moreover, they may also exhibit activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, thus promoting lip health. They don’t harm both human as well as animal health. Despite their advantages, PEG surfactants also have some disadvantages such as less stability, less shelf life, sensitivity to pH, temperature, light.Continuous development of improved/advanced extraction techniques and biotechnological innovations enables the promise to enhance stability of these pigments. Therefore, they provide functional, sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes and have the vast potential to become a key ingredient for future cosmetics formulation.
Keywords:
Natural pigments, Herbal lipstick,, Plant- based cosmetics, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, Betalains, Sustainable cosmetics, Cosmetic safety
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References
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21. Jansen PCM, Cardon D. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3: Dyes and Tannins. Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers; 2005.
22. Chen PS, Li JH, Liu TY, Lin TC. Folk medicine Terminalia catappa and its major tannin component, punicalagin, are effective against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Lett. 2000;152:115-122.
23. Anand A, Divya N, Kotti P. An updated review of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9(18):93.
24. Zan B. Study on morphology, anatomy and phytochemical test of Terminalia catappa L. leaves. In: 3rd Myanmar Korea Conference Research Journal. 2020;3:67.
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27. Chen LY, Chu CY, Huang MC. Inflorescence and flower development in Chinese Ixora. J Am Soc Hortic Sci. 2003;128(1):23-28.
28. Bhagyasri Y, Ali P, Raja M, Reddy N, Praveen D, Mounika K, et al. Determination of in-vitro antimicrobial activity and anti-diabetic activity of Ixora chinensis. Asian J Pharm Health Res. 2019;7(3):6-12.
29. Bian A, Lu L. The complete chloroplast genome of Ixora chinensis and phylogenetic relationships. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour. 2021;6(11):3217-3221. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1989336.
30. Che Amri CNA. The leaf anatomy of Ixora chinensis Lam. and its systematic significance. Revel Sci Spec Issue Plant Sci. 2024;2:26-33.
31. Kharat AR, Nambiar VV, Tarkasband YS, Pujari RR. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus Ixora. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2013;3(3):628-635.
32. Kumar A, Kumar S. Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Ixora coccinea Linn. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2013;2(1):100-104.
33. Smith J. Annatto extracts-chemical and technical assessment. Chem Tech Assess Manual. 2006:1-21.
34. Chanda S, Rakholiya K, Parekh J. Indian ethnomedicinal plants: phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves. J Med Plants Res. 2011.
35. Lozano P, et al. Sustainable extraction of natural dyes from Terminalia catappa for eco-friendly textile applications. J Clean Prod. 2021.
36. Ganaie MA, et al. Extraction and optimization of natural dye from Ixora coccinea flowers. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2015.
37. Shahid M, Mohammad F. Perspectives for isolation and preparation of colorants from natural sources. Int J Fibre Text Res. 2013.
38. Chitra M, et al. Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick using natural pigments from Terminalia catappa. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2020.
39. Sumathi R, et al. Extraction of anthocyanin pigment from Ixora coccinea L. and its formulation in cosmetics. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018.
40. Patel S. Natural colorants: chemistry, applications and health benefits. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2011.
41. Sakhare K, Sawate A, Kshirsagar R, Taur A. Studies on technology development, organoleptic evaluation and proximate composition of beetroot candy by using different sweeteners. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(2):766-769.
42. Kale R, Sawate A, Kshirsagar R, Patil B, Mane R. Studies on evaluation of physical and chemical composition of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Int J Chem Stud. 2018;6(2):2977-2979.
43. Ljubica I, Ivana M, Ana T, Dijana D, Boban M, Mirko K, et al. Nutritional and phytochemical content of Swiss chard from Montenegro under different fertilization and irrigation treatments. Br Food J. 2018;121(2):1-16.
44. Omogbai B, Omoregie I. Chemical analysis and biological activity of natural preservative from beet root (Beta vulgaris) against foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Afr Sci. 2016;17(2):135-145.
45. Ansari R, Singh S, Kumar P, Broadway A. Proximate and sensory analysis of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini) juice blended drink. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6(6):1280-1283.
46. Amnah M. Nutritional, sensory and biological study of biscuits fortified with red beet roots. Life Sci J. 2013;10(3):1579-1584.
47. Gamba M, Raguindin P, Asllanaj E, Merlo F, Glisic M, Minder B, et al. Bioactive compounds and nutritional composition of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla and flavescens): a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60:1-16.
48. Cotes B, Rämert B, Nilsson U. A first approach to pest management strategies using trap crops in organic carrot fields. Crop Prot. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.05.025.
49. Varanasi S, Henzel L, Sharman S, Batchelor W, Garnier G. Producing nanofibres from carrots with a chemical-free process. Carbohydr Polym. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.056.
50. Azeredo HMC. Betalains: properties, sources, applications. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2009;44(12):2365-2376.
51. Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Carotenoids and food preparation. Food Chem. 2001.
52. Market Research Future. Natural cosmetics market forecast report 2026-2034. 2024.
53. Rivera-Madrid R, et al. Biological properties of annatto: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016.
54. Mercadante AZ, et al. Carotenoids in Bixa orellana: chemistry and applications. Food Res Int. 2018.
55. Venugopalan A, Giridhar P. Bioactive components and pharmacological properties of Bixa orellana. Med Plants Res. 2012.
56. Food and Agriculture Organization. Annatto extracts as natural food colorants. Rome: FAO; 2019.
57. Lima LRP, et al. Toxicological and pharmacological aspects of Bixa orellana. Phytother Res. 2020.
58. Chen PS, et al. Antioxidant activities of Terminalia catappa. Food Chem. 2000.
59. Fan YM, et al. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Terminalia catappa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004.
60. Nagappa AN, et al. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003.
61. Lin CC, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Terminalia catappa. Am J Chin Med. 1997.
62. Cock IE. The medicinal properties of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacogn Commun. 2015.
63. Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick. Int J Adv Res Med Pharm Sci. 2016;1(1).
2. Nanda S, Nanda A, Khar RK. Cosmetic Technology. 1st ed. New Delhi: Birla Publications; 2007.
3. Larsson SC, Naslund I, Rutegård J, Wolk A. Vitamin A, retinol and carotenoids and risk of gastric cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(2):497-503.
4. Kamairudin N, Gani SSA, Masoumi HRF, Hashim P. Optimization of natural lipstick formulation based on pitaya seed oil using mixture design. Molecules. 2014;19:16672-16683.
5. Sunil R, Shekhar TC, Ashutosh B. Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick: a new approach. Int J Pharm Erudition. 2013;3(1):26-30.
6. Deshmukh S, Chavan M, Sutar M, Singh S. Preparation and evaluation of natural lipsticks from Bixa orellana seeds. Int J Pharma Biosci. 2013;4(3):139-144.
7. Ventura-Camargo BC, Marin-Morales MA. Azo dyes: characterization and toxicity – a review. Text Light Ind Sci Technol. 2013;2:85-103.
8. Azwanida N, Hui MS, Afandi A, Mohamed S, Zulhisyam AK, Ayob A, et al. Colour stability evaluation of pigment extracted from natural sources as cosmetic colorants. J Trop Resour Sustain Sci. 2015;3:61-67.
9. Sunil R, Shekhar TC, Ashutosh B. Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipsticks: a new approach. Int J Pharm Erudition. 2013;3:26-30.
10. Guerra E, Liompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Analysis of dyes in cosmetics: challenges and recent developments. Cosmetics (Basel). 2018;5:1-15.
11. Ventura-Camargo BC, Marin-Morales MA. Azo dyes: characterization and toxicity-a review. Text Light Ind Sci Technol. 2013;2:85-103.
12. Silva JTD, Dobranszki J, Madrid RR. The biotechnology (genetic transformation and molecular biology) of Bixa orellana L. (achiote). Planta. 2018;248(2):267-277.
13. Venugopalan A, Giridhar P. Bacterial growth inhibition potential of annatto plant parts. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(3):60513-22.
14. Madrid RR, Espinosa MA, Conejo YC, Garza-Caligaris LE. Carotenoid derivates in achiote (Bixa orellana) seeds: synthesis and health promoting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1406. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01406.
15. Conejo YC, Uicab VC, Lieberman M, Espinosa MA, Comai L, Madrid RR. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Bixa orellana to identify genes involved in methylerythritol phosphate, carotenoid and bixin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics. 2015;16(1):1-9.
16. Alcazar-Alay SC, Osorio-Tobon JF, Forster-Carneiro T, Steel CJ, Meireles MAA. Polymer modification from semi-defatted annatto seeds using hot pressurized water and supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids. 2017;129:48-55. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2016.12.011.
17. Yong YK, Zakaria ZA, Kadir AA, Somchit MN, Lian EC. Chemical constituents and antihistamine activity of Bixa orellana leaf extract. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13(1):1-7.
18. Vijayakumar S, Raj R, Shaanker U, Sivaramakrishna A, Ramamoorthy S. Mycosynthesis of novel lactone in foliar endophytic fungus isolated from Bixa orellana L. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(1):1-5.
19. Dai S, Li X, Ni J, Ruan L, Zhou R, Ng WL. The complete chloroplast genome of the lipstick tree, Bixa orellana (Bixaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour. 2019;4(1):17-25.
20. Radhika B, Begum N, Srisailam K. Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical evaluation of the leaves of Bixa orellana. Pharmacogn J. 2010;2(7):80079-82.
21. Jansen PCM, Cardon D. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3: Dyes and Tannins. Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers; 2005.
22. Chen PS, Li JH, Liu TY, Lin TC. Folk medicine Terminalia catappa and its major tannin component, punicalagin, are effective against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Lett. 2000;152:115-122.
23. Anand A, Divya N, Kotti P. An updated review of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9(18):93.
24. Zan B. Study on morphology, anatomy and phytochemical test of Terminalia catappa L. leaves. In: 3rd Myanmar Korea Conference Research Journal. 2020;3:67.
25. Arunachalam A, Singh R, Verdiya A. Tropical almond (Terminalia catappa): a holistic review. Heliyon. 2025;11(1).
26. Habibullah BU, Panezai MA, Kakar MA, Achakzai JK, Kakar AM, Khan NY, et al. Biological studies on leaves of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa): a review. Eur Acad Res. 2023;11(1):135-158.
27. Chen LY, Chu CY, Huang MC. Inflorescence and flower development in Chinese Ixora. J Am Soc Hortic Sci. 2003;128(1):23-28.
28. Bhagyasri Y, Ali P, Raja M, Reddy N, Praveen D, Mounika K, et al. Determination of in-vitro antimicrobial activity and anti-diabetic activity of Ixora chinensis. Asian J Pharm Health Res. 2019;7(3):6-12.
29. Bian A, Lu L. The complete chloroplast genome of Ixora chinensis and phylogenetic relationships. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour. 2021;6(11):3217-3221. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1989336.
30. Che Amri CNA. The leaf anatomy of Ixora chinensis Lam. and its systematic significance. Revel Sci Spec Issue Plant Sci. 2024;2:26-33.
31. Kharat AR, Nambiar VV, Tarkasband YS, Pujari RR. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus Ixora. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2013;3(3):628-635.
32. Kumar A, Kumar S. Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Ixora coccinea Linn. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2013;2(1):100-104.
33. Smith J. Annatto extracts-chemical and technical assessment. Chem Tech Assess Manual. 2006:1-21.
34. Chanda S, Rakholiya K, Parekh J. Indian ethnomedicinal plants: phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves. J Med Plants Res. 2011.
35. Lozano P, et al. Sustainable extraction of natural dyes from Terminalia catappa for eco-friendly textile applications. J Clean Prod. 2021.
36. Ganaie MA, et al. Extraction and optimization of natural dye from Ixora coccinea flowers. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2015.
37. Shahid M, Mohammad F. Perspectives for isolation and preparation of colorants from natural sources. Int J Fibre Text Res. 2013.
38. Chitra M, et al. Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick using natural pigments from Terminalia catappa. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2020.
39. Sumathi R, et al. Extraction of anthocyanin pigment from Ixora coccinea L. and its formulation in cosmetics. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018.
40. Patel S. Natural colorants: chemistry, applications and health benefits. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2011.
41. Sakhare K, Sawate A, Kshirsagar R, Taur A. Studies on technology development, organoleptic evaluation and proximate composition of beetroot candy by using different sweeteners. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;8(2):766-769.
42. Kale R, Sawate A, Kshirsagar R, Patil B, Mane R. Studies on evaluation of physical and chemical composition of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Int J Chem Stud. 2018;6(2):2977-2979.
43. Ljubica I, Ivana M, Ana T, Dijana D, Boban M, Mirko K, et al. Nutritional and phytochemical content of Swiss chard from Montenegro under different fertilization and irrigation treatments. Br Food J. 2018;121(2):1-16.
44. Omogbai B, Omoregie I. Chemical analysis and biological activity of natural preservative from beet root (Beta vulgaris) against foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Afr Sci. 2016;17(2):135-145.
45. Ansari R, Singh S, Kumar P, Broadway A. Proximate and sensory analysis of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini) juice blended drink. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6(6):1280-1283.
46. Amnah M. Nutritional, sensory and biological study of biscuits fortified with red beet roots. Life Sci J. 2013;10(3):1579-1584.
47. Gamba M, Raguindin P, Asllanaj E, Merlo F, Glisic M, Minder B, et al. Bioactive compounds and nutritional composition of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla and flavescens): a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60:1-16.
48. Cotes B, Rämert B, Nilsson U. A first approach to pest management strategies using trap crops in organic carrot fields. Crop Prot. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.05.025.
49. Varanasi S, Henzel L, Sharman S, Batchelor W, Garnier G. Producing nanofibres from carrots with a chemical-free process. Carbohydr Polym. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.056.
50. Azeredo HMC. Betalains: properties, sources, applications. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2009;44(12):2365-2376.
51. Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Carotenoids and food preparation. Food Chem. 2001.
52. Market Research Future. Natural cosmetics market forecast report 2026-2034. 2024.
53. Rivera-Madrid R, et al. Biological properties of annatto: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016.
54. Mercadante AZ, et al. Carotenoids in Bixa orellana: chemistry and applications. Food Res Int. 2018.
55. Venugopalan A, Giridhar P. Bioactive components and pharmacological properties of Bixa orellana. Med Plants Res. 2012.
56. Food and Agriculture Organization. Annatto extracts as natural food colorants. Rome: FAO; 2019.
57. Lima LRP, et al. Toxicological and pharmacological aspects of Bixa orellana. Phytother Res. 2020.
58. Chen PS, et al. Antioxidant activities of Terminalia catappa. Food Chem. 2000.
59. Fan YM, et al. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Terminalia catappa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004.
60. Nagappa AN, et al. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003.
61. Lin CC, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Terminalia catappa. Am J Chin Med. 1997.
62. Cock IE. The medicinal properties of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacogn Commun. 2015.
63. Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick. Int J Adv Res Med Pharm Sci. 2016;1(1).
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12/05/2026
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B, B., R, S., D, A. S., K, S. K., S, P. K., & Maddi, R. (2026). NATURAL PIGMENTS ASA SOURCEOF LIPSTICKS COLOURS: A FUTURE PROSPECT. Journal of Innovations in Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JIAPS), 11(2), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.37022/jiaps.v11i2.860
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