Mizāj (Temperament) in Unani Medicine: Scoping Review Elaborating the Historical Context and Contemporary Relevance
Abstract
Unani Tibb is all about achieving perfect physical, mental, and spiritual health. The main goals of Unani Medicine are to keep people healthy and to cure diseases. According to Unani medicine, there are seven important factors essential for human life on earth, known as Al-Umūr- al-Ṭabī‘iyya. Mizāj is one of these factors and is the second most important after Arkān. It greatly affects whether someone is healthy or sick. Good health means having a normal Mizāj, so any change in Mizāj can affect a person's health. Unani physicians have provided detailed and valuable descriptions of Mizāj explaining this concept thoroughly based on their knowledge and efforts. This review explored the concept and types of Mizāj. Additionally, this review explored diseases associated with Mizāj and the assessment chart of Mizāj. This review aimed to better understand the concept of Mizāj and how it can be used in healthcare to cure and treat diseases.
Keywords:
Mizāj, Temperament, Humour, Unani System of Medicine, Sū’-i-Mizāj
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References
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28. Ahmer, S M (2012), Evaluation of Temperament in relation to age, Journal of Integrated Community Health, vol-1, issue-01, January june, pp-13-18.
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31. Majoosi Ali, Ibn–e-Abbas (1889), “Kamelus sana” Part-I Urdu translation by Ghulam Hussain Kantoori, Matba Munshi Naval Kishore Lucknow; 24:25-42.
32. Arzani Akbar Mohd, (1939), “Akseerul Quloob”, Urdu translation of Mofarrehul Quloob by seyd mohd Baqar, Matba Munshi Naval Kishore Lucknow; 19, 54.
33. Qadeer A, (2001), “Matab aur shakshi mizaj shanasi Jahan-e-Tib”, CCRUM, New Delhi.; 2(2):14-17.
34. Christofer F. Monte, Beneath the Mask, (1980), An Introduction to theories of Personality, 2nd Edition, Published by Ray Ashton, pp. 334-339.
35. Khan MA, (2003) Al-Ikseer. New Delhi: Ejaz Publishing House.
36. Razi AMIZ, (1997) Kitabul Hawi. New Delhi: CCRUM.
37. Tabri R, (2002) Firdosul Hikmat (Urdu translation by Hakim M Awwal SS). Deoband: Faisal Publication.
2. Ahmer, S M (2013), A Study of Total Serum Protein in Bilious & Phlegmatic Temperaments, Thesis submited in Department of Kulliyat, AKTC, AMU, Aligarh.
3. Shah M.H, (1972), Temperament, Explanation and Interpretation Philosophy of medicine and Science Problems and perspective, compiled by Department of Philosophy of Medicine and Science, IHMMR New Delhi, pp.123-128, 109-111.
4. Taiyab M, (1983), Philosophy of Greco-Arabian Medicine, A.M.U. Press, Aligarh, pp-24.
5. Nafis B, (1910), Sharah Al Maujiz, Part I translation and elaboration, Matba Yusufi, Lucknow, pp. 17.
6. Azmi A. A, (1995), Basic Concepts of Unani Medicine-A Critical Study, 1st Edition, Department of History of Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, pp. 57-72, 73-79.
7. Antaqi D, Tazqaratul Albab Vol-I, Matba Ata al Zahrze, Egypt, 1349 Hjri, PP 10.
8. Majoosi, Ali Ibn Abbas, (2010), Kamilus Sana, Urdu Translation by Ghulam Husain Kantoori, Idara kitab-uk-Shifa, New Delhi., pp. 25, 42.
9. Masihi Abul Sehal, Isa Bin Yahya Bin Ibrahim, (1963), Kitab al Meyat Fil Tib, Part- I, Islamic Publication Society, Hyderabad, pp. 82,98.
10. Ibn Sina, Al Qanoon fil Tibb, Book-I, English translation of the critical Arabic Text, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 1993, pp. 7-13,65, 190-197.
11. Jurjani A.H, (1902), Zakhira Khwarizam Shahi Vol-I, Urdu translation by Hadi Hassan Khan, Matba Nami Nawal Kishore, Lucknow, pp.14,18-25.
12. Galen, Kitab Fil Anasir,( 2008), Edited and Translated by Zillur Rehman, International Printing Press, Aligarh, pp. 99-100. Baghdadi I. H.,( 2005), Kitabul Mukhtarat Fil Tibb, Urdu translation, CCRUM, New Delhi, pp.9,149.
13. Qarshi A.A, Moajiz-ul-Qanoon, Urdu Translation, Kausar Chandpuri, Taraqqi Urdu Bureau, New Delhi, 1988, pp. 43-44.
14. Gruner, O.C, (1983), The Four Temperament, Avicenna’s tract on cardiac drugs and essays on Arab Cardio therapy, IHMMR, New Delhi, pp. 119-123.
15. Galen, Kitab Fil Anasir,( 2008), Edited and Translated by Zillur Rehman, International Printing Press, Aligarh, pp. 99-100.
16. Mehdi H.S, (1973), A Rational interpretation of the Four cosmic Elements as Operating in Alchemy, Theories and Philosophy of medicine, IInd Edition, JHMMR, New Delhi, pp. 209.
17. Taiyab M, (1983), Philosophy of Greco-Arabian Medicine, A.M.U. Press, Aligarh, pp.24.
18. Zaidi I.H and Zulkifle M, (1999), Temperamentlogy A Scientific Appraisal of Human Temperament,1st Edition,Aligarh, pp.6-8, 21-23, 34, 64-65.
19. Ferasat Ali (2005), ‘Mizaj-e-Insani Aqlimi Tanazur Main’ Universal Book House, Aligarh, pp-20, 21, 35, 52.
20. Kabiruddin M., (1930), Tarjuma wa Sharah Kulliyat-e-Qanoon, Part-I, Maktaba Daftarul Masih, Karol Bagh, Delhi, pp.40, 433-456.
21. Mazhar H Shah T. PK, (2007), The General Principles of Avicenna’s Cannon of Medicine, Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa, New Delhi, pp. 24-29,219-225,228-229.
22. Meraj, M., Rehman M.I., A., Khan, N.A., Husain, S. and Khan, N. 2024. A Comprehensive Review of Insomnia and Its Regimenal Management in The Unani System of Medicine. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 14, 5 (May 2024), 158-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i5.6562.
23. Meraj, M., M.I, A.R., Khan, N.A., Husain, S. and Khan, N. 2024. Utilization of unani regimenal therapy for the management of insomnia: a rapid scoping review. World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research. 6, 2 (Jun. 2024), 18-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37022/wjcmpr.v6i2.325.
24. Khan N, Ahmad I, Anees A, Khan, N.A, Meraj. A Review of ḍaghṭ Al-dam Qawwī (Hypertension) Regarding Imtilā’ (Plethora), Its Prevention and Control Through Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya (Six Essential Factors) in the Unani System of Medicine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL REVIEWS (IJRAR.ORG), March 2024; 11 (1):644-647. Http://doi.one/10.1729/Journal.38663.
25. Zakariya Razi, (1991), ‘Kitab-Al-Mansoori’, Urdu Translation, CCRUM, New Delhi, pp. 59-80.
26. Ibn-e-Rushad M, (1980), Kitab-A1-Kulliyat, Urdu Translation, CCRUM, New Delhi, pp. 35, 156, 157, 159.
27. Bhika. R and Haq M.A, (2000), Tibb Traditional roots of Medicine in modern routes to health, Mountain of light Johannesburg, South Africa, pp.54, 58-64.
28. Ahmer, S M (2012), Evaluation of Temperament in relation to age, Journal of Integrated Community Health, vol-1, issue-01, January june, pp-13-18.
29. Amine MMW, Khan KZ, Beg MA (2003), Ajnas-e-Ashra Aur unki ahmiyat, Jahan-e-Tib CCRUM, New Delhi; 4:3-4, 16-21
30. Tabri Ali, Bin sehal Rabbn (1981), “Firdausul Hikmat Fil Tib”, Urdu translation by Rashid Ashraf Nadvi, Hamdard foundation press, Kranchi and Qayyum Tibbi council, Islamabd, Pakistan; 501:241-242.
31. Majoosi Ali, Ibn–e-Abbas (1889), “Kamelus sana” Part-I Urdu translation by Ghulam Hussain Kantoori, Matba Munshi Naval Kishore Lucknow; 24:25-42.
32. Arzani Akbar Mohd, (1939), “Akseerul Quloob”, Urdu translation of Mofarrehul Quloob by seyd mohd Baqar, Matba Munshi Naval Kishore Lucknow; 19, 54.
33. Qadeer A, (2001), “Matab aur shakshi mizaj shanasi Jahan-e-Tib”, CCRUM, New Delhi.; 2(2):14-17.
34. Christofer F. Monte, Beneath the Mask, (1980), An Introduction to theories of Personality, 2nd Edition, Published by Ray Ashton, pp. 334-339.
35. Khan MA, (2003) Al-Ikseer. New Delhi: Ejaz Publishing House.
36. Razi AMIZ, (1997) Kitabul Hawi. New Delhi: CCRUM.
37. Tabri R, (2002) Firdosul Hikmat (Urdu translation by Hakim M Awwal SS). Deoband: Faisal Publication.
Published
25/08/2024
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Khan, N., Ahmad, I., Anees, A., Khan, N. A., & Meraj, M. (2024). Mizāj (Temperament) in Unani Medicine: Scoping Review Elaborating the Historical Context and Contemporary Relevance. Journal of Innovations in Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JIAPS), 9(2), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.37022/jiaps.v9i2.595
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