Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) are nano-sized particles composed of lipids, which are natural or synthetic molecules. It comprises of phospholipid bilayer in its structure. The unique properties of lipids such as biocompatibility and versatility, have spurred the development of various lipid based nano formulations. It has different types of lipid-based nanoparticles including liposomes, lipid nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. This review focused on the preparation methods and applications of LNPs. The various production techniques, such as injection, sonication, microfluidization, homogenization, microemulsion, nanoprecipitation, and evaporation methods were discussed. Among the various nanomaterials, lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown remarkable pharmacological performance and therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, these carriers can enhance the drug distribution, bioavailability, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, pharmacokinetic properties and thus, results in minimizing the adverse side effects. The LNPs as promising carriers for targeted drug delivery in gene therapy and cancer therapy.
Keywords:
Liposomes, Nanoemulsions, Bioavailability, Gene therapy, Cancer therapy
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References
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2. Zhang, L.; Gu, F.; Chan, J.; Wang, A.; Langer, R.S.; Farokhzad, O.C. Nanoparticles in Medicine: Therapeutic Applications and Developments. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007, 83, 761–769.
3. Wang, Y.; Grainger, D. W. Regulatory Considerations Specific to Liposome Drug Development as Complex Drug Products. Frontiers in Drug Delivery 2022, 2, 901281.
4. Bangham, A. D.; Standish, M. M.; Watkins, J. C. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol. 1965, 13 (1), 238−252
5. Puri, A.; Loomis, K.; Smith, B.; Lee, J.-H.; Yavlovich, A.; Heldman, E.; Blumenthal, R. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as Pharmaceutical Drug Carriers: From Concepts to Clinic. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 2009, 26, 523–580.
6. Selvamuthukumar, S.; Velmurugan, R. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A potential drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy. Lipids Health Dis 2012, 11, 159.
7. Okore, V.C.; Attama, A.A.; Ofokansi, K.C.; Esimone, C.O.; Onuigbo, E.B. Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomes. Ind. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 73, 323–328.
8. Kumar, G.; Kant, A.; Kumar, M.; Masram, D. T. Synthesis, characterizations and kinetic study of metal organic framework nanocomposite excipient used as extended release delivery vehicle for an antibiotic drug. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2019, 496, 119036
9. Prabhu P, Kumar N, et al “Preparation and evaluation of liposomes of brimonidine tartrate as an ocular drug delivery system” Int J Res Pharm Sci, 2010, 1(4): 502-508
10. Channarong S, Chaicumpa W, et al “Development and evaluation of chitosan-coated liposomes for oral DNA vaccine: the improvement of Peyer’s patch targeting using a polyplex-loaded liposomes” AAPS Pharm SciTech, 2011, 12 (1): 192-200
11. Kim, H.-H.Y.; Baianu, I.C. Novel liposome microencapsulation techniques for food applications. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1991, 2, 55–61.
12. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Cosmeceutical. 2018. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/labeling/claims/ucm127064.htm (accessed on 23 February 2023).
13. Szoka, F., Jr.; Papahadjopoulos, D. Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1978, 75, 4194–4198.
14. Tadros, T.; Izquierdo, P.; Esquena, J.; Solans, C. Formation and stability of nano-emulsions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 108−109,303−318.
15. Zhang J, Xu S, Li W. High shear mixers: a review of typical applications and studies on power draw, flow pattern, energy dissipation and transfer properties. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 2012;57–58:25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cep.2012.04.004
16. Uluata S, Decker EA, McClements DJ. Optimization of nanoemulsion fabrication using microfluidization: role of surfactant concentration on formation and stability. Food Biophys 2016; 11:52–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-015- 9416-1.
17. Vauthier C, Bouchemal K. Methods for the preparation and manufacture of polymeric nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1025–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11095-008-9800-3.
18. Weyhers, H.; Ehlers, S.; Hahn, H.; Souto, E.B.; Müller, R.H. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)—Effects of lipid composition on in vitro degradation and in vivo toxicity. Die Pharm. 2006, 61, 539.
19. Schwarz C, Mehnert W, Lucks JS, Müller RH. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery. I. Production, characterization and sterilization. J Control Release 1994; 30:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(94) 90047-7
20. Geszke-Moritz, M.; Moritz, M. Solid lipid nanoparticles as attractive drug vehicles: Composition, properties and therapeutic strategies. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2016, 68, 982−994.
21. Moral, S.P.; Teixeira, M.C.; Fernandes, A.R.; Linares, I.B.; Román, D.A.; Férez, A.M.; Carretero, A.S.; Souto, E.B. Polyphenols-enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): Optimization by multi-response surface methodology. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019, 49, 660–667.
22. Mumper RJ, Jay M. Microemulsions as precursors to solid nanoparticles. US 7153535. 2006.
23. Holtze, C. Large-scale droplet production in microfluidic devices�an industrial perspective. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2013, 46 (11), 114008.
24. Maeki, M.; Okada, Y.; Uno, S.; Sugiura, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Okuda, K.; Sato, Y.; Ando, M.; Yamazaki, H.; Takeuchi, M. Mass production system for RNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles using piling up micro-fluidic devices. Applied Materials Today 2023, 31, 101754.
25. Carvajal-Vidal, P.; Gonzalez-Pizarro, R.; Araya, C.; Espina, M.; Halbaut, L.; Gomez de Aranda, I.; Garcia, M. L.; Calpena, A. C. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with Halobetasol propionate for topical treatment of inflammation: Development, characterization, biopharmaceutical behavior and therapeutic efficacy of gel dosage forms. Int. J. Pharm. 2020, 585, 119480.
26. Akinc, A.; Maier, M. A.; Manoharan, M.; Fitzgerald, K.; Jayaraman, M.; Barros, S.; Ansell, S.; Du, X.; Hope, M. J.; Madden, T. D.; et al. The Onpattro story and the clinical translation of nanomedicines containing nucleic acid-based drugs. Nat. Nanotechnol 2019, 14 (12), 1084−1087.
27. Agrawal, Y.; Petkar, K. C.; Sawant, K. K. Development, evaluation and clinical studies of Acitretin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical treatment of psoriasis. Int. J. Pharm. 2010, 401 (1− 2), 93−102.
28. El-Salamouni, N. S.; Farid, R. M.; El-Kamel, A. H.; El-Gamal, S. S. Effect of sterilization on the physical stability of brimonidine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Int. J. Pharm. 2015, 496 (2), 976−983.
29. Hadinoto, K.; Sundaresan, A.; Cheow, W. S. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a new generation therapeutic delivery platform: A review. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2013, 85 (3, Part A), 427−443.
30. Baden, L. R.; El Sahly, H. M.; Essink, B.; Kotloff, K.; Frey, S.; Novak, R.; Diemert, D.; Spector, S. A.; Rouphael, N.; Creech, C. B.; et al. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J. Med. 2021, 384 (5), 403−416.
31. Zhang, L. I.; Zhang, L. Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications. Nano LIFE 2010, 01 (01n02), 163−173.
32. Hadinoto, K.; Sundaresan, A.; Cheow, W. S. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a new generation therapeutic delivery platform: A review. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2013, 85 (3, Part A), 427−443.
33. 33)Bershteyn A, Chaparro J, Yau R, et al. Polymer-supported lipid shells, onions, and flowers. Soft Matter. 2008;4(9):1787–1791.
34. Wong HL et al. In vivo evaluation of a new polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) formulation of doxorubicin in a murine solid tumor model. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2007;65(3):300-308
35. Pokharkar VB, Jolly MR, Kumbhar DD. Engineering of a hybrid polymer–lipid nanocarrier for the nasal delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Physicochemical, molecular, microstructural, and stability evaluation. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015; 71:99-111
36. Lazar T. The Structure of Biological Membranes (2nd Edn) P. Yeagle (Ed.), CRC Press, 540 Pp., ISBN 0-8493-1403-8 (2004) Cell Biochem. Funct. 2005; 23:294–295. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1233.
37. Esposito E., Mariani P., Drechsler M., Cortesi R. Structural Studies of Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Drug Delivery: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) In: Aliofkhazraei M., editor. Handbook of Nanoparticles. Springer International Publishing; Cham, Switzerland: 2016. pp. 861–889.
38. von der Kammer F., Legros S., Hofmann T., Larsen E.H., Loeschner K. Separation and Characterization of Nanoparticles in Complex Food and Environmental Samples by Field-Flow Fractionation. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2011; 30:425–436. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.012.
39. Lu L.T. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Liverpool; Liverpool, UK: 2019. Water-Dispersible Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis and Characterisation.
40. Weiner B.B., Tscharnuter W.W., Fairhurst D. Zeta Potential: A New Approach; Proceedings of the Canadian Mineral Analysts Meeting; Winnipeg, MB, Canada. 8–12 September 1993;
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07/04/2024
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Gillella, S., S, R., M, D., SK, A., B, A., C, G., & CH, A. (2024). Lipid-Based Nanoparticles. Journal of Innovations in Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JIAPS), 9(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.37022/jiaps.v9i1.573
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