An Insight Into Buccal Drug Delivery System
Abstract
Oral drug delivery still remains the first choice as it offers wider range of advantages comparing to other route of administrations. Drug delivery systems are continuously advancing in the pharmaceutical discipline. The anatomy and physiological characteristics of oral cavity attracted the formulation scientist to work on newer buccal based system. Oral mucosal drug delivery system offers certain advantages; by passes first pass metabolism, rapid absorption, quick on set action. Barriers available in the oral epithelium shall be modified using the permeation enhancers using various approaches. Buccal drug delivery system has various formulation strategies including solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms. Oral buccal mucoadhesive system has well established in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations parameters. This review outlines the various concepts in buccal drug delivery system.
Keywords:
Buccal drug delivery, Mucosal delivery, Oral buccal film, adhesive tablets
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References
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2. Hao J, Heng PW. Buccal delivery systems. Drug Devevlopment and Industrial Pharmacy. 2003;29(8):821-32.
3. Veuillez F, Kalia YN, Jacques Y, Deshusses J, Buri P. Factors and strategies for improving buccal absorption of peptides. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2001;51(2):93-109.
4. Sudhakar Y, Kuotsu K, Bandyopadhyay AK. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery--a promising option for orally less efficient drugs. Journal of Controlled Release. 2006;114(1):15-40.
5. Sanders LM. Drug delivery systems and routes of administration of peptide and protein drugs. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 1990;15(2):95-102.
6. Harris D, Robinson JR. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1992;81(1):1-10.
7. Campisi G, Paderni C, Saccone R, Di Fede O, Wolff A, Giannola LI. Human buccal mucosa as an innovative site of drug delivery. Current Pharmaceutial Design. 2010;16(6):641-652.
8. Salamat-Miller N, Chittchang M, Johnston TP. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2005;57(11):1666-1691
9. Shojaei AH. Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1998;1(1):15-30
10. Nair AB, Kumria R, Harsha S, Attimarad M, Al-Dhubiab BE, Alhaider IA. In vitro techniques to evaluate buccal films. Journal of Controlled Release. 2013;166(1):10-21.
11. Dixit RP, Puthli SP. Oral strip technology: overview and future potential. Journal of Controlled Release. 2009;139(2):94-107
12. Gilles P, Ghazali FA,Rathbone J, Systemic oral mucosal drug delivery systems and delivery systems, in: M.J. Rathbone (Ed.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, Vol. 74, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1996, pp. 241–285.
13. Michael J. Rathbone, Bernadette K. Drummond, Ian G. Tucker. The oral cavity as a site for systemic drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1994;13(1–2):1-22.
14. Squier CA, Wertz PW, Structure and function of the oral mucosa and implications for drug delivery, in: M.J. Rathbone (Ed.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, Vol. 74, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1996, pp. 1–26.
15. Squier CA, Finkelstein, in: A.R. Ten Cate (Ed.). Oral Histology, Development, Structure and Function, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, 1989, 345–385.
16. Birudaraj R, Mahalingam R, Li X, Jasti BR. Advances in buccal drug delivery. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2005;22(3):295-330
17. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh R, Saraf SK, Saraf S. Properties and formulation of oral drug delivery systems of protein and peptides. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2007;69(6):741-747.
18. Squier CA. The permeability of oral mucosa. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 1991;2(1):13-32.
19. Senel S, Kremer MJ, Nagy K, Squier CA. Delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins across oral (buccal) mucosa.Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2001; 2 : 175 -186.
20. Shojaei AH, Zhuo SL, Li X. Transbuccal delivery of acyclovir (II): feasibility, system design, and in vitro permeation studies. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesi 1998; 1: 66-73.
21. Squier CA, Lesch CA. Penetration pathways of different compounds through epidermis and oral epithelia. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 1988; 17: 512-516.
22. de Boer, A.G., van Hoogdalem, E.J. & Breimer, D.D. Improvement of drug absorption through enhancers. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.1990; 15: 155–157.
23. Squier CA. The permeability of keratinized and nonkeratinized oral epithelium to horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Ultrastructure Research. 1973;43(1):160-167.
24. Hoogstraate AJ, Cullander C, Nagelkerke JF, Senel S, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE, Boddé HE. Diffusion rates and transport pathways of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled model compounds through buccal epithelium. Pharmaceutical Research. 1994;11(1):83-89.
25. A.J. Hoogstraate, S. Senel, C. Cullander, J. Verhoef, H.E. Junginger, H.E Boddé, Effects of bile salts on transport rates and routes of FITC-labelled compounds across porcine buccal epithelium in vitro. Journal of Controlled Release. 1996; 40(3):211-221.
26. Nielsen HM, Rassing MR. TR146 cells grown on filters as a model of human buccal epithelium: III. Permeability enhancement by different pH values, different osmolality values, and bile salts. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1999;185(2):215-225.
27. Zhang H, Robinson JR, In vitro methods for measuring permeability of the oral mucosa, in: J. Swarbrick, J.C. Boylan (Eds.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, 1st edition, vol. 74, Marcel Dekker, INC, New York, 1996, pp. 85–100.
28. Mashru R, Sutariya V, Sankalia M, Sankalia J. Transbuccal delivery of lamotrigine across porcine buccal mucosa: in vitro determination of routes of buccal transport. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmecutical Sciences. 2005;8(1):54-62.
29. Sohi H, Ahuja A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Critical evaluation of permeation enhancers for oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Devevelopmetn and Industrial Pharmacy. 2010;36(3):254-282.
30. Squier CA. Zinc iodide-osmium staining of membrane-coating granules in keratinized and non-keratinized mammalian oral epithelium. Archives of Oral Biology 1982; 27: 377-82.
31. Squier CA, S¸ enel S, Wertz P. Oral (buccal) mucosal drug delivery – promises and possibilities. STP Pharma Pratiques 2000;10:47 -54
32. J.A. Weathercell, C. Robinson, M.J. Rathbone, Site-specific differences in the salivary concentrations of substances in the oral cavity — implications for the etiology of oral-disease and local drug delivery, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.1994;130:(1–2):24–42.
33. Norris DA, Puri N, Sinko PJ, The effect of physical barriers and properties on the oral absorption of particulates, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1998;34: 135–154.
34. Khanvilkar, K.; Donovan, M.D.; Flanagan, D.R. Drug transfer through mucus. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2001;48 (2–3): 173–193.
35. Bouckaert, S.; Vakaet, L.; Remon, J.P. Influence of the buccal application site of a bioadhesive slow-release tablet on salivary miconazole concentrations in irradiated patients. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1996;130(2):257–260.
36. Castellanos MR, Zia H, Rhodes CT. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1993;19:143–194.
37. Hao J, Heng PW. Buccal delivery systems. Drug Devevlopment and Industrial Pharmacy. 2003;29(8):821-832.
38. Jay S, Fountain W, Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Transmucosal delivery of testosterone in rabbits using novel bi-layer mucoadhesive wax-film composite disks. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002;91(9):2016-2025.
39. Mishra PR, Namdeo A, Jain, N.K. Jain, Hydrogels as drug delivery system. Indian Drugs. 1996;33:(5):181–186.
40. Chattarajee SC, Walker RB, Penetration enhancer classification, in: E.W. Smith, H.I. Maibach (Eds.), Percutaneous Penetration Enhancement, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, pp. 1–4.
41. Senel S, Hincal AA. Drug permeation enhancement via buccal route: possibilities and limitations. Journal of Controlled Release.2001; 72 (1–3):133–144.
42. Pather SI, Rathbone MJ, Senel S. Current status and the future of buccal drug delivery systems. Expert Opinion in Drug Delivery 2008;5(5):531-542.
43. Lee JW, Park JH, Robinson JR. Bioadhesive-based dosage forms: the next generation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2000;89(7):850-866
44. Miyazaki S, Nakayama A, Oda M, Takada M, Attwood D. Chitosan and sodium alginate based bioadhesive tablets for intraoral drug delivery. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994;17(5):745-747.
45. Bromberg LE, Buxton DK, Friden PM. Novel periodontal drug delivery system for treatment of periodontitis. Journal of Controlled Release. 2001;71(3):251-259.
46. Tsutsumi K. Obata Y. Nagai T. Loftsson T. Takayama, K. Buccal absorption of ergotamine tartrate using the bioadhesive tablet system in guinea pigs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002;238 (1–2): 161–170.
47. Repka MA. Repka SL. McGinity JM. Bioadhesive Hot-Melt Extruded Film for Topical and Mucosal Adhesion Applications and Drug Delivery and Process for Preparation Thereof. US Patent 6,375,963, 2002.
48. Voorspoels J, Remon JP, Eechaute W, De Sy W. Buccal absorption of testosterone and its esters using a bioadhesive tablet in dogs. Pharmaceutical Research. 1996;13(8):1228-1232.
49. Squier CA, Kremer MJ. Biology of oral mucosa and esophagus. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograph. 2001;(29):7-15.
50. Senel S, Ikinci G, Kaş S, Yousefi-Rad A, Sargon MF, Hincal AA. Chitosan films and hydrogels of chlorhexidine gluconate for oral mucosal delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000;193(2):197-203
51. Guo JH, Cooklock KM. The effects of backing materials and multilayered systems on the characteristics of bioadhesive buccal patches. The Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 1996;48(3):255-257.
52. Alagarsamy S. Vasam, M. Ravindran, S. Phytocompounds used as excipients in mucoadhesive systems an outline on buccal tablets and films. International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs. 201;2(3): 44-48.
53. Patel D, Smith AW, Grist N, Barnett P, Smart JD. An in vitro mucosal model predictive of bioadhesive agents in the oral cavity. J Control Release. 1999;61(1-2):175-183.
54. Jacobsen J. Buccal iontophoretic delivery of atenolol.HCl employing a new in vitro three-chamber permeation cell. Journal of Controlled Release. 2001;70(1-2):83-95.
55. Ungphaiboon S, Maitani Y.In vitro permeation studies of triamcinolone acetonide mouthwashes. International Journal of Pharm aceutics. 2001;220:111–117
56. Frenning G, Ek R, Strømme M. A new method for characterizing the release of drugs from tablets in low liquid surroundings. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002;91(3):776-784.
57. Patel D, Smith AW, Grist N, Barnett P, Smart JD. An in vitro mucosal model predictive of bioadhesive agents in the oral cavity. Journal of Controlled Release. 1999;61(1-2):175-183
58. Patel D, Smith JR, Smith AW, Grist N, Barnett P, Smart JD. An atomic force microscopy investigation of bioadhesive polymer adsorption onto human buccal cells. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000;200(2):271-277.
59. Jacques Y. NguyenXuan T. Ionescu, E. Ravelli, GP. Buri P. Baehni P. Gurny R. In vivo evaluation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic mucoadhesive semi-solid formulations containing sucralfate and lidocaine for intraoral use. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 1997;43(1): 59–63.
60. Chinna Reddy P. Chaitanya KS. Madhusudan Rao Y. A review on bioadhesive buccal drug delivery systems: current status of formulation and evaluation methods. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2011;19(6): 385–403.
61. Guo JH. Investigating the surface properties and bioadhesion of buccal patches. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 1994;46(8):647-650.
62. Michael J. Rathbone, Jonathan Hadgraft. Absorption of drugs from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1991;74(1):9-24.
63. Junginger HE, Hoogstraate JA, Verhoef JC. Recent advances in buccal drug delivery and absorption--in vitro and in vivo studies. Journal of Controlled Release. 1999;62(1-2):149-159.
64. Gilhotra R M. Ikram M. Srivastava S. Gilhotra N. A clinical perspective on mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems. Journal of biomedical research. 2014;28(2): 81–97.
2. Hao J, Heng PW. Buccal delivery systems. Drug Devevlopment and Industrial Pharmacy. 2003;29(8):821-32.
3. Veuillez F, Kalia YN, Jacques Y, Deshusses J, Buri P. Factors and strategies for improving buccal absorption of peptides. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2001;51(2):93-109.
4. Sudhakar Y, Kuotsu K, Bandyopadhyay AK. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery--a promising option for orally less efficient drugs. Journal of Controlled Release. 2006;114(1):15-40.
5. Sanders LM. Drug delivery systems and routes of administration of peptide and protein drugs. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 1990;15(2):95-102.
6. Harris D, Robinson JR. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1992;81(1):1-10.
7. Campisi G, Paderni C, Saccone R, Di Fede O, Wolff A, Giannola LI. Human buccal mucosa as an innovative site of drug delivery. Current Pharmaceutial Design. 2010;16(6):641-652.
8. Salamat-Miller N, Chittchang M, Johnston TP. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2005;57(11):1666-1691
9. Shojaei AH. Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1998;1(1):15-30
10. Nair AB, Kumria R, Harsha S, Attimarad M, Al-Dhubiab BE, Alhaider IA. In vitro techniques to evaluate buccal films. Journal of Controlled Release. 2013;166(1):10-21.
11. Dixit RP, Puthli SP. Oral strip technology: overview and future potential. Journal of Controlled Release. 2009;139(2):94-107
12. Gilles P, Ghazali FA,Rathbone J, Systemic oral mucosal drug delivery systems and delivery systems, in: M.J. Rathbone (Ed.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, Vol. 74, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1996, pp. 241–285.
13. Michael J. Rathbone, Bernadette K. Drummond, Ian G. Tucker. The oral cavity as a site for systemic drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1994;13(1–2):1-22.
14. Squier CA, Wertz PW, Structure and function of the oral mucosa and implications for drug delivery, in: M.J. Rathbone (Ed.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, Vol. 74, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1996, pp. 1–26.
15. Squier CA, Finkelstein, in: A.R. Ten Cate (Ed.). Oral Histology, Development, Structure and Function, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, 1989, 345–385.
16. Birudaraj R, Mahalingam R, Li X, Jasti BR. Advances in buccal drug delivery. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2005;22(3):295-330
17. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh R, Saraf SK, Saraf S. Properties and formulation of oral drug delivery systems of protein and peptides. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2007;69(6):741-747.
18. Squier CA. The permeability of oral mucosa. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 1991;2(1):13-32.
19. Senel S, Kremer MJ, Nagy K, Squier CA. Delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins across oral (buccal) mucosa.Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2001; 2 : 175 -186.
20. Shojaei AH, Zhuo SL, Li X. Transbuccal delivery of acyclovir (II): feasibility, system design, and in vitro permeation studies. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesi 1998; 1: 66-73.
21. Squier CA, Lesch CA. Penetration pathways of different compounds through epidermis and oral epithelia. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 1988; 17: 512-516.
22. de Boer, A.G., van Hoogdalem, E.J. & Breimer, D.D. Improvement of drug absorption through enhancers. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.1990; 15: 155–157.
23. Squier CA. The permeability of keratinized and nonkeratinized oral epithelium to horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Ultrastructure Research. 1973;43(1):160-167.
24. Hoogstraate AJ, Cullander C, Nagelkerke JF, Senel S, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE, Boddé HE. Diffusion rates and transport pathways of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled model compounds through buccal epithelium. Pharmaceutical Research. 1994;11(1):83-89.
25. A.J. Hoogstraate, S. Senel, C. Cullander, J. Verhoef, H.E. Junginger, H.E Boddé, Effects of bile salts on transport rates and routes of FITC-labelled compounds across porcine buccal epithelium in vitro. Journal of Controlled Release. 1996; 40(3):211-221.
26. Nielsen HM, Rassing MR. TR146 cells grown on filters as a model of human buccal epithelium: III. Permeability enhancement by different pH values, different osmolality values, and bile salts. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1999;185(2):215-225.
27. Zhang H, Robinson JR, In vitro methods for measuring permeability of the oral mucosa, in: J. Swarbrick, J.C. Boylan (Eds.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, 1st edition, vol. 74, Marcel Dekker, INC, New York, 1996, pp. 85–100.
28. Mashru R, Sutariya V, Sankalia M, Sankalia J. Transbuccal delivery of lamotrigine across porcine buccal mucosa: in vitro determination of routes of buccal transport. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmecutical Sciences. 2005;8(1):54-62.
29. Sohi H, Ahuja A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Critical evaluation of permeation enhancers for oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Devevelopmetn and Industrial Pharmacy. 2010;36(3):254-282.
30. Squier CA. Zinc iodide-osmium staining of membrane-coating granules in keratinized and non-keratinized mammalian oral epithelium. Archives of Oral Biology 1982; 27: 377-82.
31. Squier CA, S¸ enel S, Wertz P. Oral (buccal) mucosal drug delivery – promises and possibilities. STP Pharma Pratiques 2000;10:47 -54
32. J.A. Weathercell, C. Robinson, M.J. Rathbone, Site-specific differences in the salivary concentrations of substances in the oral cavity — implications for the etiology of oral-disease and local drug delivery, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.1994;130:(1–2):24–42.
33. Norris DA, Puri N, Sinko PJ, The effect of physical barriers and properties on the oral absorption of particulates, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1998;34: 135–154.
34. Khanvilkar, K.; Donovan, M.D.; Flanagan, D.R. Drug transfer through mucus. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2001;48 (2–3): 173–193.
35. Bouckaert, S.; Vakaet, L.; Remon, J.P. Influence of the buccal application site of a bioadhesive slow-release tablet on salivary miconazole concentrations in irradiated patients. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1996;130(2):257–260.
36. Castellanos MR, Zia H, Rhodes CT. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1993;19:143–194.
37. Hao J, Heng PW. Buccal delivery systems. Drug Devevlopment and Industrial Pharmacy. 2003;29(8):821-832.
38. Jay S, Fountain W, Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Transmucosal delivery of testosterone in rabbits using novel bi-layer mucoadhesive wax-film composite disks. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002;91(9):2016-2025.
39. Mishra PR, Namdeo A, Jain, N.K. Jain, Hydrogels as drug delivery system. Indian Drugs. 1996;33:(5):181–186.
40. Chattarajee SC, Walker RB, Penetration enhancer classification, in: E.W. Smith, H.I. Maibach (Eds.), Percutaneous Penetration Enhancement, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, pp. 1–4.
41. Senel S, Hincal AA. Drug permeation enhancement via buccal route: possibilities and limitations. Journal of Controlled Release.2001; 72 (1–3):133–144.
42. Pather SI, Rathbone MJ, Senel S. Current status and the future of buccal drug delivery systems. Expert Opinion in Drug Delivery 2008;5(5):531-542.
43. Lee JW, Park JH, Robinson JR. Bioadhesive-based dosage forms: the next generation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2000;89(7):850-866
44. Miyazaki S, Nakayama A, Oda M, Takada M, Attwood D. Chitosan and sodium alginate based bioadhesive tablets for intraoral drug delivery. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994;17(5):745-747.
45. Bromberg LE, Buxton DK, Friden PM. Novel periodontal drug delivery system for treatment of periodontitis. Journal of Controlled Release. 2001;71(3):251-259.
46. Tsutsumi K. Obata Y. Nagai T. Loftsson T. Takayama, K. Buccal absorption of ergotamine tartrate using the bioadhesive tablet system in guinea pigs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002;238 (1–2): 161–170.
47. Repka MA. Repka SL. McGinity JM. Bioadhesive Hot-Melt Extruded Film for Topical and Mucosal Adhesion Applications and Drug Delivery and Process for Preparation Thereof. US Patent 6,375,963, 2002.
48. Voorspoels J, Remon JP, Eechaute W, De Sy W. Buccal absorption of testosterone and its esters using a bioadhesive tablet in dogs. Pharmaceutical Research. 1996;13(8):1228-1232.
49. Squier CA, Kremer MJ. Biology of oral mucosa and esophagus. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograph. 2001;(29):7-15.
50. Senel S, Ikinci G, Kaş S, Yousefi-Rad A, Sargon MF, Hincal AA. Chitosan films and hydrogels of chlorhexidine gluconate for oral mucosal delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000;193(2):197-203
51. Guo JH, Cooklock KM. The effects of backing materials and multilayered systems on the characteristics of bioadhesive buccal patches. The Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 1996;48(3):255-257.
52. Alagarsamy S. Vasam, M. Ravindran, S. Phytocompounds used as excipients in mucoadhesive systems an outline on buccal tablets and films. International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs. 201;2(3): 44-48.
53. Patel D, Smith AW, Grist N, Barnett P, Smart JD. An in vitro mucosal model predictive of bioadhesive agents in the oral cavity. J Control Release. 1999;61(1-2):175-183.
54. Jacobsen J. Buccal iontophoretic delivery of atenolol.HCl employing a new in vitro three-chamber permeation cell. Journal of Controlled Release. 2001;70(1-2):83-95.
55. Ungphaiboon S, Maitani Y.In vitro permeation studies of triamcinolone acetonide mouthwashes. International Journal of Pharm aceutics. 2001;220:111–117
56. Frenning G, Ek R, Strømme M. A new method for characterizing the release of drugs from tablets in low liquid surroundings. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002;91(3):776-784.
57. Patel D, Smith AW, Grist N, Barnett P, Smart JD. An in vitro mucosal model predictive of bioadhesive agents in the oral cavity. Journal of Controlled Release. 1999;61(1-2):175-183
58. Patel D, Smith JR, Smith AW, Grist N, Barnett P, Smart JD. An atomic force microscopy investigation of bioadhesive polymer adsorption onto human buccal cells. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000;200(2):271-277.
59. Jacques Y. NguyenXuan T. Ionescu, E. Ravelli, GP. Buri P. Baehni P. Gurny R. In vivo evaluation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic mucoadhesive semi-solid formulations containing sucralfate and lidocaine for intraoral use. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 1997;43(1): 59–63.
60. Chinna Reddy P. Chaitanya KS. Madhusudan Rao Y. A review on bioadhesive buccal drug delivery systems: current status of formulation and evaluation methods. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2011;19(6): 385–403.
61. Guo JH. Investigating the surface properties and bioadhesion of buccal patches. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 1994;46(8):647-650.
62. Michael J. Rathbone, Jonathan Hadgraft. Absorption of drugs from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1991;74(1):9-24.
63. Junginger HE, Hoogstraate JA, Verhoef JC. Recent advances in buccal drug delivery and absorption--in vitro and in vivo studies. Journal of Controlled Release. 1999;62(1-2):149-159.
64. Gilhotra R M. Ikram M. Srivastava S. Gilhotra N. A clinical perspective on mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems. Journal of biomedical research. 2014;28(2): 81–97.
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Alagarsamy, S., Vasam, M., & Ravindran, S. (2019). An Insight Into Buccal Drug Delivery System. Journal of Innovations in Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JIAPS), 4(1), 07-15. Retrieved from https://www.saapjournals.org/index.php/jiaps/article/view/208
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