A review on who core drug indicators in pediatric population
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recognized the global issue of irrational drug prescribing, particularly highlighted during a major conference held in Nairobi in 1985. Since then, WHO has developed core and complementary drug use indicators to promote rational prescribing practices. These indicators serve as crucial tools to measure drug use patterns and prescribing behaviors, especially in pediatric populations where dosing errors and irrational use are prevalent. Key issues include antibiotic resistance, healthcare costs, and the increased burden on healthcare systems. WHO core drug use indicators are divided into three main categories: prescribing, patient care, and facility-specific indicators, each aimed at evaluating the efficiency and appropriateness of healthcare practices. Despite the advantages of these metrics in promoting cost-effective and safe drug use, challenges remain, such as the indicators' limited capacity to capture the reasoning behind prescribing decisions and complexities in pediatric care. Current trends include heightened awareness of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), antimicrobial stewardship programs, and a growing emphasis on monitoring and improving medication safety in pediatric populations.
Keywords:
World Health Organization (WHO), pediatric populations, healthcare systems
References
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2. Laya Sadigh-Rad, Leila Majdi, Mehrnush Javaezi, and Mohammad Delirrad. Comparison of prescribing indicators of academic versus non-academic specialist physicians in Urmia, Iran. J Res Pharm Pract. 2015 Apr-Jun; 4(2): 45–50.
3. Jinish Jose1, Denny Devassykutty. Pediatric Prescription Analysis in a Primary Health Care Institution. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016 Nov, Vol-10(11): FC05-FC08
4. LawalWaisu Umar, AbdulmuminuIsah,ShuaibuMusa,Bilkisu Umar. Outpatient prescribing and antibiotic use for children in a tertiary hospital. Sahel Medical Journal Volume 23 Issue 2 April-June 2020.
5. Suwitha S., BenyMargrat C. F., Priya A., ArunChanderYadav K. A study of drug utilization pattern using WHO prescribing indicators in pediatric patients. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2023 May; 11(5):1775-1779.
6. OumarBassoum,MouhamadouFalyBa,NdèyeMarèmeSougou,DjibrilFall andAdamaFaye. Evaluation of Prescribing Indicators in a Paediatric Population Seen in an Outpatient Consultation at the Gaspard Kamara Health Centre in 2019 (Senegal) Pharmacy 2021, 9, 113.
7. Binayashrestha, Sanjaya Mani Dixit. The Assessment of Drug Use Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators.Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. Vol. 16, no. 3.
8. World Health Organization. (1993). How to Investigate Drug Use in Health Facilities: Selected Drug Use Indicators. WHO/DAP/93.1. Geneva: WHO.
9. Hogerzeil, H. V. (1995). Promoting rational prescribing: An international perspective. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 39(1), 1-6.
10. World Health Organization. (2002). Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components. WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines.
11. Laing, R. O., Hogerzeil, H. V., & Ross-Degnan, D. (2001). Ten recommendations to improve use of medicines in developing countries. Health Policy and Planning, 16(1), 13-20.
12. World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Introduction to Drug Utilization Research. Geneva: WHO.
13. Hogerzeil, H. V. (1995). Promoting rational prescribing: an international perspective. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 39(1), 1-6.
14. Akande, T. M., &Ologe, M. O. (2007). Prescription pattern at a secondary health care facility in Ilorin, Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine, 6(4), 186-189.
15. Cameron, A., Ewen, M., Ross-Degnan, D., Ball, D., & Laing, R. (2009). Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. The Lancet, 373(9659), 240-249.
16. Namballa M, Adimulapu A, Jesudasan RE. QbD Assisted Optimization of Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Polyacrylamide Grafted Tragacanth: Characterization and Instrumental Analysis. Current Microwave Chemistry. 2024 Apr 1;11(1):16-29.
17. Chowdary KP, Chandra DU, Mahesh N, Reddy TM, Gopaiah KV. Enhancement of dissolution rate and formulation development of pioglitazone-a BCS class II drug. J. Pharm. Res. 2011 Nov;4:3862-3.
18. WHO (2003). "How to Investigate the Use of Medicines by Consumers."
19. WHO. (2004). "How to investigate drug use in health facilities: Selected drug use indicators." WHO Publication.
20. Laxminarayan, R. et al. (2013). "Access to effective antimicrobials: a global challenge." Lancet, 381(9874), 253-255.
21. Gopaiah KV, Reddy PS, Namballa M. Formulation and characterization of mucoadhesive microspheres of aceclofenac. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022;15(3):981-8.
22. Ahmad FaridHabibyar ,Q and Agha NazariEvaluation of prescribing patterns using WHO core drug use indicators in a pediatric hospital of Kabul Afghanistan: A prospective cross-sectional study. National library of medicine Published online 2023 Nov 2.
23. Kumar KR, Nagaraju GV, Subrahmanyam SN, Nagarani K, Shareef S, Tennygilphin M, Namballa M. Assessment on Elements Involving the Academic Performance among Pharmacy Students: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Int J Cur Res Rev| Vol. 2021 Dec;13(23):141.
24. McGowan, J. R., et al. (2016). "Off-label Drug Use in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Pediatrics, 138(1), e20160178.
25. Sinha, K., et al. (2018). "Polypharmacy in Children: A Review of the Literature." Pediatric Drugs, 20(5), 405-417.
26. WHO. (2004). "How to investigate the use of medicines by consumers." WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines.
27. Agyepong, I. A., &Adjei, S. (2008). "Public Private Partnerships in Health: A Review of the Ghanaian Experience." BMC Health Services Research, 8, 43.
28. Ravella S, Angel M, Subramanian H, Thangavel N, Namballa M, Lokesh D, Mishra AK, Nagaraju GV. Navigating the Future of Cancer Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review of Novel Approaches for Community-Based Treatment. future.;1:6.
29. WHO. (2020). "The World Medicines Situation 2020."
30. Ghosh, R., et al. (2020). "Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review." Pediatric Drugs, 22(5), 381-394. DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00368-2
31. WHO. (2021). "Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components." World Health Organization.
32. WHO. (2020). "Global Individual Case Safety Reports: A Practical Guide." World Health Organization.
33. WHO. (2017). "Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance." World Health Organization.
34. WHO. (2019). "Essential Medicines and Health Products: WHO Training Module." World Health Organization.
35. StefanoD'Errico, MartinaZanon, DavideRadaelli, MartinaPadovano, Alessandro Santurro, Matteo Scopetti, Paola Frati, and Vittorio FineschiMedication Errors in Pediatrics: Proposals to Improve the Quality and Safety of Care Through Clinical Risk Management
36. Negar Golchin, Hannah Johnson, Paul M. Bakaki, Neal Dawson, Elia M. Pestana Knight, Sharon B. Meropol, Rujia Liu, James A. Feinstein, Shari D. Bolen, Lawrence C. Kleinman & Alexis Horace. Outcome measures in pediatric polypharmacy research. Drugs &Therapies perspective. Published: 12 July 2019; Vol: 35.
Published
28/11/2024
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A, R., T, J., P, U., P, L. S. G. S., & V, C. R. (2024). A review on who core drug indicators in pediatric population. Journal of Case Studies and Case Reports, 3(3), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.37022/jcscr.v3i3.636
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