EMERGING CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Neeraja S

S. Neeraja Priyadarshini Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 5th Mile, Pulladigunta, Guntur-522017, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract

Controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) represent an advanced approach to pharmacotherapy aimed at maintaining drug plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range for prolonged periods. By releasing drugs at a predetermined rate and site, these systems minimize fluctuations associated with conventional dosage forms, thereby reducing dosing frequency, adverse effects, and improving patient compliance. This review summarizes the principles, mechanisms, and types of controlled and sustained-release drug delivery systems, with emphasis on oral controlled release formulations. Various approaches including diffusion-controlled, dissolution-controlled, osmotic, and biodegradable polymer-based systems are discussed, along with materials commonly employed in formulation design. The advantages of CDDS such as improved bioavailability, predictable pharmacokinetics, targeted delivery, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy are highlighted, while limitations including formulation complexity, dose dumping risk, and variability due to gastrointestinal physiology are also addressed. Recent technological advancements ranging from macro- to nano-scale delivery systems, including microencapsulation and targeted delivery strategies, are reviewed. The clinical relevance of CDDS in reducing dosing frequency and maintaining uniform plasma drug levels for local or systemic action is emphasized. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in the development of controlled drug delivery systems are outlined, underscoring their significant role in optimizing drug therapy and improving overall treatment outcomes globally today.

Keywords: plasma drug concentration, Polymer-based delivery systems, drug concentration, Polymer-based delivery system

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Bhowmik D, Gopinath H, Kumar BP, Drivel S, Kumar KS. Controlled release drug delivery systems. Pharma Innov. 2012;1(10).
2. Arora S, Ali J, Ahuja A, Khar RK, Baboota S. Floating drug delivery systems: a review. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2005;6(3):E372-E390. doi:10.1208/pt060347.
3. Langer RS, Peppas NA. Present and future applications of biomaterials in controlled drug delivery systems. Biomaterials. 1981;2(4):201-214. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(81)90059-4.
4. Gabriel KE. The development of a unique buffered matrix aspirin tablet. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1992;38:199-201.
5. Carter JC, Collett M. The science of dosage form design: modified release peroral dosage forms. In: Aulton's Pharmaceutics. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002.
6. SBSPMS B. An innovative approach: controlled release drug delivery system (CRDDS) [dissertation]. Udaipur: Mohanlal Sukhadia University; 2023.
7. Wani MS, Polshettiwar SA, Chopade VV, Joshi RN, Dehghan MH, Gadkari AA, et al. Controlled release system: a review. Pharm Rev. 2008;6(1):41-46.
8. Adepu S, Ramakrishna S. Controlled drug delivery systems: current status and future directions. Molecules. 2021;26(19):5905. doi:10.3390/molecules26195905.
9. Malinowski HJ. Biopharmaceutics aspects of the regulatory review of oral controlled-release drug products. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1983;9(7):1255-1279. doi:10.3109/03639048309046319.
10. Ratnaparkhi MP, Gupta JP. Sustained release oral drug delivery system: an overview. Int J Pharm Sci. 2013;3(4):258-269.
11. Bee SL, Hamid ZA, Mariatti M, Yahaya BH, Lim K, Bee ST, et al. Approaches to improve therapeutic efficacy of biodegradable PLA/PLGA microspheres: a review. Polym Rev. 2018;58(3):495-536. doi:10.1080/15583724.2018.1437547.
12. Fara J, Urquhart J. The value of infusion and injection regimens in assessing efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1984;5:21-25. doi:10.1016/0165-6147(84)90354-7.
13. Davis SS, Hardy JG, Taylor MJ, Whalley DR, Wilson CG. The effect of food on the gastrointestinal transit of pellets and an osmotic device (Osmet). Int J Pharm. 1984;21(3):331-340. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(84)90191-1.
14. Boxerbaum B. Antimicrobial drugs for treatment of infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Med Clin North Am. 1974;58(3):519-532. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)32140-X.
15. Wagner JG. Aspects of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in relation to drug activity. Am J Pharm Sci Support Public Health. 1969;141(1):5-20.
16. Lunney L. Pharmacokinetics: a look at different approaches. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina State University, Department of Statistics; 1992.
17. Chugh I, Seth N, Rana AC, Gupta S. Oral sustained release drug delivery system: an overview. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3(5):57-62.
18. Ankit B, Rathore RP, Tanwar YS. Oral sustained release dosage form: an opportunity to prolong the release of drug. Int J Adv Res Pharm Biosci. 2013;2(2):7-15.
19. Vinay K, Prajapati SK, Girish CS, Mahendra S, Neeraj K. Sustained release matrix type drug delivery system. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3(1):934-960.
20. Hemnani M, Patel U, Patel G, Daslaniya D, Shah A, Bhimani B. Matrix tablets: a tool of controlled drug delivery. Am J PharmTech Res. 2011;1(4):127-143.
21. Parashar T, Singh V, Singh G, Tyagi S, Patel C, Gupta A. Novel oral sustained release technology: a concise review. J Oral Adv Pharm Res.
22. Brahmankar DM, Jaiswal SB. Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 2019.
23. Remington JP. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. 21st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
24. Davis SS, Hardy JG, Taylor MJ, Whalley DR, Wilson CG. The effect of food on the gastrointestinal transit of pellets and an osmotic device (Osmet). Int J Pharm. 1984;21(3):331-340. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(84)90191-1.
25. Crank J. The mathematics of diffusion. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1979.
26. Kar RK, Mohapatra S, Barik BB. Design and characterization of controlled release matrix tablets of zidovudine. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2009;2(2):54-61.
27. Theeuwes F. Elementary osmotic pump. J Pharm Sci. 1975;64(12):1987-1991. doi:10.1002/jps.2600641218.
28. Harsh M. The kidney and lower urinary tract. In: Textbook of Pathology. 6th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2000. p. 649-654.
29. Thakor RS, Majmudar FD, Patel JK, Rajput GC. Osmotic drug delivery systems: current scenario. J Pharm Res. 2010;3(4):771-775.
30. Awen BZ, Chandu BR, Khagga M, Nama S. A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of aprepitant in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Recent Res Sci Technol. 2010;3(1).
31. Konda RK, Chandu BR, Sekhar KBC. An improved HPLC-UV method for the estimation of irinotecan in bulk and tablet dosage form. Int J Pharm. 2011;2(3):188-191.
32. Baluguri PK, Nama S, Chandu BR, Sakala B. LC/MS: an essential tool in drug development. Int J Adv Pharm Anal. 2012;1(2):24-37.
33. Konda RK, Chandu BR, Challa BR, Chandrasekhar KB. Method development and validation of almotriptan in human plasma by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetic study. Sci Pharm. 2012;80(2):367-378.
34. Nama S, Awen BZ, Chandu B, Khagga M. An improved stability-indicating HPLC method for riluzole hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int J Pharm Biomed Res. 2011;2:48-55.
35. Konda RK, Chandu BR, Challa BR, Kothapalli CB. Bioanalytical method development and validation of rasagiline by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Anal. 2012;2(5):342-349.
36. Sanaka S, Chandu BR, Nama S. The behaviour and toxicity of nanoparticles. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem. 2012;1(3):315-324.