A review on synthesis of paraben and applications of preservatives
Abstract
Parabens are a class of widely used preservatives in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Despite their efficacy, concerns over their safety and toxicity have led to increased interest in alternative preservatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of parabens, their properties, and applications. We discuss the different methods of paraben synthesis, including chemical and enzymatic approaches. The review also covers the use of parabens as preservatives in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. Furthermore, we examine the safety and toxicity concerns associated with parabens and discuss alternative preservatives that are being developed. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding of parabens and their applications, as well as the current state of research on alternative preservatives.
Keywords:
parabens, preservatives, synthesis, applications, safety, toxicity, alternative preservatives
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References
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19. Tajarobi, F.; Abrahmsén‐Alami, S.; Larsson, A., Dissolution rate enhancement of parabens in PEG solid dispersions and its influence on the release from hydrophilic matrix tablets. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 100 (1), 275-283.
20. Márquez-Sillero, I.; Aguilera-Herrador, E.; Cárdenas, S.; Valcárcel, M., Determination of parabens in cosmetic products using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbent and corona-charged aerosol detection system. Journal of Chromatography A 2010, 1217 (1), 1-6.
21. Bello-López, M. Á.; Ramos-Payán, M.; Ocaña González, J. A.; Fernández-Torres, R.; Callejón-Mochón, M., Analytical applications of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME): a review. Analytical Letters 2012, 45 (8), 804-830
2. Ito, S.; Yazawa, S.; Nakagawa, Y.; Sasaki, Y.; Yajima, S., Effects of alkyl parabens on plant pathogenic fungi. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 2015, 25 (8), 1774-1777.
3. Michalkiewicz, S., Anodic oxidation of parabens in acetic acid–acetonitrile solutions. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 2013, 43 (1), 85-97
4. Sabalitschka, T.; Neumann, G., Analysenganges von der Ammonsulfidfällung an bei Gegenwart von Phos phorsäure neben Erdalkalien und dergl. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1930, 79 (10), 402-403.
5. Quévrain, E.; Domart‐Coulon, I.; Pernice, M.; Bourguet‐ Kondracki, M. L., Novel natural parabens produced by a Microbulbifer bacterium in its calcareous sponge host Leuconia nivea. Environmental microbiology 2009, 11 (6), 1527-1539.
6. Qurashi, A.; Rather, J. A.; Yamazaki, T.; Sohail, M.; De Wael, K.; Merzougui, B.; Hakeem, A. S., Swift electrochemical detection of paraben an endocrine disruptor by In 2 O 3 nanobricks. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2015, 221, 167-171.
7. Koeppe, E. S.; Ferguson, K. K.; Colacino, J. A.; Meeker, J. D., Relationship between urinary triclosan and paraben concentrations and serum thyroid measures in NHANES 2007–2008. Science of the Total Environment 2013, 445, 299-305.
8. Decker, A. H., Associations between Butylparaben and Thyroid Levels in Females Aged 12 and over (NHANES, 2007-2008). 2015.
9. Ellsworth, D. L.; Ellsworth, R. E.; Liebman, M. N.; Hooke, J. A.; Shriver, C. D., Genomic instability in histologically normal breast tissues: implications for carcinogenesis. The lancet oncology 2004, 5 (12), 753-758
10. Renz, L. M. A study of xenoestrogens in the Greater Pittsburgh Area. University of Pittsburgh, 2011.
11. Vujovic, D.; Nassimbeni, L. R., Methyl Paraben A New Polymorph? Cryst. Growth Des. 2006, 6 (7), 1595 1597.
12. Li, W.; Gao, L.; Shi, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Cai, Y., Spatial distribution, temporal variation and risks of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in urban surface water in Beijing, China. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 539, 262-270
13. Feng, Y.; Grant, D. J., Influence of crystal structure on the compaction properties of n-alkyl 4-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens). Pharmaceutical research 2006, 23 (7), 1608-1616.
14. Patil, P. M.; Wankhede, S. B.; Chaudhari, P. D., Stability-indicating HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of Ketoprofen, Methyl Paraben and Propyl Paraben in gel formulation. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2013, 6 (9), 945-953.
15. Bello-López, M. Á.; Ramos-Payán, M.; Ocaña González,
16. J. A.; Fernández-Torres, R.; Callejón-Mochón, M., Analytical applications of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME): a review. Analytical Letters 2012, 45 (8), 804-830.
17. Darbre, P. D.; Harvey, P. W., Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. Journal of applied toxicology 2008, 28 (5), 561-578.
18. Yang, H.; Thati, J.; Rasmuson, Å. C., Thermodynamics of molecular solids in organic solvents. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2012, 48, 150--159
19. Tajarobi, F.; Abrahmsén‐Alami, S.; Larsson, A., Dissolution rate enhancement of parabens in PEG solid dispersions and its influence on the release from hydrophilic matrix tablets. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 100 (1), 275-283.
20. Márquez-Sillero, I.; Aguilera-Herrador, E.; Cárdenas, S.; Valcárcel, M., Determination of parabens in cosmetic products using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbent and corona-charged aerosol detection system. Journal of Chromatography A 2010, 1217 (1), 1-6.
21. Bello-López, M. Á.; Ramos-Payán, M.; Ocaña González, J. A.; Fernández-Torres, R.; Callejón-Mochón, M., Analytical applications of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME): a review. Analytical Letters 2012, 45 (8), 804-830
Published
15/02/2025
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[1]
H. SD, A. P. S, and P. C. Y, “A review on synthesis of paraben and applications of preservatives”, Int J Indig Herb Drug, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-5, Feb. 2025.
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