Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

Neeraj Mourya Neeraj Mourya; Rita Mourya Rita Mourya

Neeraj Mourya Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, MP-462033, India
Rita Mourya University of Gondar, Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is transmitted through the air from person to person. TB is curable, but inappropriate treatment can lead to multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), which is resistant to the two most effective anti-TB drugs and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is resistant to many anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is significantly more difficult and expensive to treat than drug susceptible TB. Rapid drug-susceptibility tests are a pressing public health and diagnostic need because of the rise in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/XDR-TB) globally. Timely diagnosis and effective treatment are the prerogatives for a favorable outcome. Care must be taken in terms of isolation procedure and infection control in MDR-TB. Although the diagnosis is made microbiologically, there are certain factors that predispose to the emergence of MDR-TB, notably a history of previous treatment for TB, particularly if that treatment was inadequate or incomplete. Medicinal plants have been used to cure different common as well as lethal diseases by ancient civilizations due to its virtue of variety of chemical compounds which may have some important remedial properties. In the present review, we have addressed medicinal plants effective against MDR-TB and herbal plants described for MDR-TB across the world. These herbal plants can serve as promising candidates for developing novel medications to combat MDR-TB.

Keywords: MDR-TB, Diagnosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Prevention, Tuberculosis, Natural Remedies, Medicinal Plants

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Mohan A, Sharma SK. Epidemiology. In: Sharma SK, Mohan A, editors. Tuberculosis. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2001: 14-29.
2.Sharma SK, Mohan A. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Mediquest 1995; 13: 1-11.
3. Mohan A, Sharma SK. History. In: Sharma SK, Mohan A, editors. Tuberculosis. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2001: 5-13.
4. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis fact sheet. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/gtb/ publications/factsheet/index.htm. Accessed on 1 July 2003.
5. Grange JM, Zumla A. The global emergency of tuberculosis: what is the cause? J R Soc Health 2002; 122 : 78-81
6. Raviglione MC, Snider DE Jr, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 273 : 220-226.
7. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. 2015. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/191102/1/9789241565059_eng.pdf
8. Caminero JA, Scardigli A. Classification of antituberculosis drugs: a new proposal based on the most recent evidence. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 887-893.
9. Lonnroth K, Migliori GB, Abubakar I, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low incidence countries. Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 928-952.
10. D'Ambrosio L, Dara M, Tadolini M, et al. Tuberculosis elimination: theory and practice in Europe. Eur Respir J 2014; 43: 1410-1420.
11. Falzon D, Gandhi N, Migliori GB, et al. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs: impact on multidrug-resistant TB outcomes. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 156-168.
12. Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Gandhi NR, et al. Drug resistance beyond extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 169-179.
13. World Health Organization. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. 2016 update. Available online: http://www.who.int/tb/MDRTBguidelines2016.pdf
14. Sotgiu G, Tiberi S, D'Ambrosio L, et al. Faster for less: the new "shorter" regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2016; 48: 1503-1507.
15. Reid A, Grant AD, White RG, Dye C, Vynnycky E, Fielding K, et al. Accelerating progress towards tuberculosis elimination: the need for combination treatment and prevention. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015; 19: 5–9.
16. Weiss P, Chen W, Cook VJ, Johnston JC. Treatment outcomes from community-based drug resistant tuberculosis treatment programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 333.
17. Korenromp EL, Glaziou P, Fitzpatrick C, Floyd K, Hosseini M, Raviglione M, et al. Implementing the global plan to stop TB, 2011-2015—optimizing allocations and the Global Fund‖s contribution: a scenario projections study. PloS One. 2012; 7: e38816.
18. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 564–582.
19. Jimenez-Arellanes A, Meckes M, Ramirez R, Torres J, Luna-Herrera J. Activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican plants used to treat respiratory diseases. Phytother Res 2003; 17: 903–908.
20. Vasanthakumari R. ――Text book of mic robiology‖‖. BI Publications 2007; 20.
21. Vareldzis BP, Grosset J, de Kantor I, Crofton J, Laszlo A, Felten M, et al. Drug-resistant tuberculosis : Laboratory issues. World Health Organization recommendations. Tuber Lung Dis 1994; 75: 1-7.
22. Citron KM, Girling DJ. Tuberculosis. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrel DA, editors. Crofton and Douglas‖s respiratory diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press/English Language Book Society 1987: 5.278-5.299.
23. Frieden TR, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendez A, Kilburn JO, Cauthen GM, Dooley SW. The emergence of drugresistant tuberculosis in New York City. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 521-526.
24. Frieden TR, Khatri GR. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. In: Narain JP, editor. Tuberculosis epidemiology and control. WHO/SEA/TB/248.New Delhi: World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia 2002: 105-115.
25. Espinal MA et al. Determinants of drug-resistant tuberculosis: Analysis of 11 countries. Inter J Tuberculosis Lung Dis 2001, 5:887–893.
26. Espinal MA et al. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: treatment outcomes in 6 countries. J Am Med Assoc 2000, 283: 2537–2545.
27. Quy HT et al. Drug resistance among failure and relapse cases of tuberculosis: is the standard re-treatment regimen adequate? Inter J Tuberculosis Lung Dis 2003, 7: 631–636.
28. Roberts GD, Goodman NL, Heifets L, Larsh HW, Lindner TH, McClatchy JK, et al. Evaluation of the BACTEC radiometric method for recovery of mycobacteria and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from acid-fast smear-positive specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18: 689-696.
29. Lee CN, Heifets LB. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations of antituberculosis drugs by radiometric and conventional methods. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 349-352.
30.Adjers-Koskela K, Katila ML. Susceptibility testing with the manual mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) and the MGIT 960 system provides rapid and reliable verification of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1235-1239.
31. World Health Organization. 2009a. Treatment of tuberculosis: Guidelines - 4th ed. Geneva: WHO/HTM/TB/2009.420.
32. World Health Organization. 2011b. Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis: 2011 update. Geneva: WHO/HTM/TB/2011.6.
33. O‖Brien RJ, Nunn PP. The need for new drugs against tuberculosis: obstacles, opportunities, and next steps. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1055-1058.
34. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. 2015. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/191102/1/9789241565059_eng.pdf.
35. Tadolini M, Lingtsang RD, Tiberi S, et al. First case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis treated with both delamanid and bedaquiline. Eur Respir J 2016; 48: 935-938.
36. Lu J, Qin R, Ye S, Yang M. Prunella vulgaris L. extract improves cellular immunity in MDR-TB challenged rats. J Med Coll PLA, 2011; 26: 230-237.
37. Torres-Romero D, Jimenez IA, Rojas R, Gilman RH, Lopez M. et al. Dihydro-beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes isolated from Celastrus vulcanicola as potential anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis multidrug-resistant agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19: 2182-2189.
38. Hannan A, Ikram UM, Usman M, Hussain S, Absar M, et al. Anti-mycobacterial activity of garlic (Allium sativum) against multi-drug resistant and non-multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pak J Pharm Sci 2011; 24: 81-85.
39. Navarro-Garcia VM, Luna-Herrera J, Rojas-Bribiesca MG, Alvarez-Fitz P, Rios MY. Antibacterial activity of Aristolochia brevipes against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Molecules 2011; 16: 7357-7364.
40. Sureram S, Senadeera SP, Hongmanee P, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22: 2902-2905.
41. Serkani JE, Isfahani BN, Safaei HG, Kermanshahi RK, Asghari G. Evaluation of the effect of Humulus lupulus alcoholic extract on rifampin-sensitive and resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Pharml Sci 2012; 7: 235-242.
42. Leon-Diaz R, Meckes-Fischer M, Valdovinos-Martinez L, Campos MG, Hernandez-Pando R, et al. Antitubercular activity and the subacute toxicity of (-)-Licarin A in BALB/c Mice: A neolignan isolated from Aristolochia taliscana. Arch Med Res 2013; 44: 99-104.
43. Nogueira T, Medeiros MA, Marcelo-Curto MJ, García-Pérez B, Luna-Herrera J et al. Profile of antimicrobial potential of fifteen Hypericum species from Portugal. Indus Crop Prod 2013; 47: 126-131.
44. Radji M, Kurniati M, Kiranasari A. Comparative antimycobacterial activity of some Indonesian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Appl Pharm Sci 2015; 5: 19-22.
45. Jang WS, Jyoti MA, Kim S, Nam KW, Ha TK et al. In vitro antituberculosis activity of diterpenoids from the Vietnamese medicinal plant Croton tonkinensis. J Nat Med 2015; 70; 127-132.
46. Lakshmanan D, Werngren J, Jose L, Suja K, Nair MS et al. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Fitoterapia 2011; 82: 757-761.
47. Gupta S, Dwived, GR, Darokar MP, Srivastava SK. Antimycobacterial activity of fractions and isolated compounds from Vetiveria zizanioides. Med Chem Res 2012; 21: 1283-1289.
48. Singh R, Hussain S, Verma R, Sharma P. Anti-mycobacterial screening of five Indian medicinal plants and partial purification of active extracts of Cassia sophera and Urtica dioica. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2013; 6: 366-371.
49. Kumar P, Singh A, Sharma U, Singh D, Dobhal M et al. Anti-mycobacterial activity of plumericin and isoplumericin against MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26: 332-335.
50. Dey D, Ray R, Hazra B. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit constituents against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and β -lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharm Biol 2015; 53: 1474-1418.