An Investigation on Breast Cancer Knowledge in Developing Nations
Abstract
The most common malignant tumor in women diagnosed globally, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Globally, the prevalence of breast cancer is continuously increasing. Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world. Hereditary and genetic predispositions are among the risk factors linked to the incidence of breast cancer. Breast cancers come in a wide variety of forms. The molecular characteristics of breast cancer, including hormone receptor activation (PR, ER, and HER2) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), genetic changes (BRCA1/2 and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [PIK3CA] mutations), and immune system markers (PD L1, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL], and programmed death-ligand 1 [PD L1]) may impact treatment approaches.
Keywords:
Breast cancer, Tumour, PR, HER2, TIL, PDL
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References
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3. Nardin S, Mora E, Varughese FM, D'Avanzo F, Vachanaram AR, Rossi V, Saggia C, Rubinelli S, Gennari A. Breast cancer survivorship, quality of life, and late toxicities. Frontiers in oncology. 2020 Jun 16;10:864.
4. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. Global cancer observatory. Cancer today. 2018;23(7):323-6.
5. Pisipati SV, Pathapati H, Bhukya G, Nuthakki S, Chandu B, Nama S, Adeps R. Lycopene: Redress for prostate cancer. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy. 2012 Mar;3(2):261.
6. Francies FZ, Hull R, Khanyile R, Dlamini Z. Breast cancer in low-middle income countries: abnormality in splicing and lack of targeted treatment options. American journal of cancer research. 2020;10(5):1568.
7. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, Buzdar A, Howell A, Dowsett M, Forbes JF. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. The lancet oncology. 2010 Dec 1;11(12):1135-41.
8. Rani TT, Brahmaiah B, Revathi B, Nama S, Baburao C. TARGETING OF ANTI CANCER DRUGS THROUGH NANOPARTICLES.
9. Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, Tseng LM, Liu MC, Lluch A, Starosławska E, de la Haba-Rodriguez J, Im SA, Pedrini JL, Poirier B. 5-year analysis of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in patients with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised trial. The lancet oncology. 2016 Jun 1;17(6):791-800.
10. Gradishar WJ, Anderson BO, Abraham J, Aft R, Agnese D, Allison KH, Blair SL, Burstein HJ, Dang C, Elias AD, Giordano SH. Breast cancer, version 3.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2020 Apr 1;18(4):452-78.
11. Kang SY, Lee SB, Kim YS, Kim Z, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Park S, Bae SY, Yoon K, Lee SK, Jung KW. Breast cancer statistics in Korea, 2018. Journal of breast cancer. 2021 Apr;24(2):123.
12. Lima SM, Kehm RD, Terry MB. Global breast cancer incidence and mortality trends by region, age-groups, and fertility patterns. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Aug 1;38.
13. Torre LA, Islami F, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer in women: burden and trends. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2017 Apr 1;26(4):444-57.
14. Martin N, Buykx P, Shevills C, Sullivan C, Clark L, Newbury-Birch D. Population level effects of a mass media alcohol and breast cancer campaign: a cross-sectional pre-intervention and post-intervention evaluation. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2018 Jan 1;53(1):31-8.
15. Roy R, Chun J, Powell SN. BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2012 Jan;12(1):68-78.
16. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. The Lancet. 2019 Sep 28;394(10204):1159-68.
17. Cohain JS, Buxbaum RE, Mankuta D. Spontaneous first trimester miscarriage rates per woman among parous women with 1 or more pregnancies of 24 weeks or more. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2017 Dec;17:1-7.
18. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. The Lancet. 1996 Jun 22;347(9017):1713-27.
19. Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM. Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiologic reviews. 1993;15(1):36-47.
20. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard Ø. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017 Dec 7;377(23):2228-39.
Published
03/09/2024
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[1]
U. S. Kagita, “An Investigation on Breast Cancer Knowledge in Developing Nations”, Int J Indig Herb Drug, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 18-22, Sep. 2024.
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