A review on potential application of antioxidants
Abstract
All living organisms utilize oxygen to metabolize and use the dietary nutrients in order to produce energy for survival. Oxygen thus is a vital component for living. Oxygen meditates chemical reactions that metabolize fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to produce energy.
While oxygen is one of the most essential components for living, it is also a double edged sword. Oxygen is a highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part of potentially damaging molecules commonly called free radicals. These free radicals are capable of attacking the healthy cells of the body. This may lead to damage, disease and severe disorders. Antioxidants are substances that neutralize free radicals or their actions. Nature has endowed each cell with adequate protective mechanisms against any harmful effects of free radicals: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin, thiols and disulfide bonding are buffering systems in every cell. α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) is an essential nutrient which functions as a chain-breaking antioxidant which prevents the propagation of free radical reactions in all cell membranes in the human body. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is also part of the normal protecting mechanism. Other non-enzymatic antioxidants include carotenoids, flavonoids and related polyphenols, α-lipoic acid, glutathione etc. This review article summarizes the functional role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, reactive halogen species and their pathological importance.
Keywords:
Antioxidant, Reactive oxygen species, Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Polyphenols
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References
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35. Jainu M. Devi CSS. Antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum berries on aspirin induced gastric mucosal injury. Indian J Clin Biochem 2004; 19: 57‐61.
36. Ung-Kyu C, Ok-Hwan L, Joo H Y, et al. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol‐fed rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11: 67‐78.
37. Yang Z, Xu Y, Jie G, He P, Tu Y. Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis). Asia Pac J Clin Nut. 2007; 16: 148‐152.
38. Reddy KY, Saravana KA, Mohana LS, Angothu S. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata. Int J Phytopharmacol 2010; 1: 43‐46.
39. Dhalwal K, YS Deshpande YS, Purohit AP, Kadam SS. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Sida cordifolia. Pharm Biol 2009; 43: 754‐761.
40. Nehete J Y, Deshmukh VN, Shewale VV et al. In vitro antioxidant activity of Achyranthes aspera L. J Pharm Res 2009; 2: 1402‐1403.
41. Singh R, Lawania R D, Mishra A, Gupta R. Role of Cordia dichotoma seeds and leaves extract in degenerative disorders. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010; 2: 21‐23.
42. Joharapurkar AA, Zambad SP, Wanjari MM, Umathe SN. In vivo evaluation of antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia Linn and its influence on ethanol induced immunosuppression. Indian J Pharmacol 2003; 35: 232‐236.
43. Ogunlana OE, Ogunlana OO. In vitro assessment of the free radical scavenging Psidium guajava. Res J Agric Biol Sci 2008; 4: 666‐671.
44.Sun T, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of bio fortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colours. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 4142‐4147.
45. Raghbir C Gupta, Vivek Sharma, Nisha Sharma, Neeraj Kumar, Bikram Singh. In vitro antioxidant activity from leaves of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.–A north indian
highly threatened and vulnereable medicinal plant. J Pharm Res 2008; 1: 65‐72.
46. Resmi CR, Venukumar MR, Latha MS. Antioxidant activity of Albizzia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 50: 297‐302.
2. Kohen R, Nyska A. Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30: 620-650.
3. Ratnam DV, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK, Kumar MN. Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. J Control Release 2006; 113: 189-207.
4. Scartezzini P, Speroni E. Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71: 23-43.
5. Halliwell B. Antioxidant defence mechanisms: from the beginning to the end (of the beginning). Free Radic Res 1999; 31: 261-72.
6. Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos and its relationship with its antioxidant properties. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 48: 81‐88.
7. Golichha M, Bhatia J, Arya DS. Hydroalcoholic extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. affords protection against PTZ‐ induced seizures, oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2010; 48: 474‐478.
8. Rizvi MMA, Irshad M, Hassadi GE, Younis SB. Bioefficacies of Cassia fistula: An Indian Labrum. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3: 287‐292.
9. Joshi R, Sharma A, Jat BL. Analysis of antioxidant activity in extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. J Applied Bioscien 2009; 17: 899‐903.
10. Desai V, Kamat JP, Sainis KB. An immunomodulator from Tinospora cordifolia with antioxidant activity in cell‐free systems. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Chem Sci) 2002; 114: 713‐719.
11. Ahmed MF, Ahmed MA, Thayyil H, Khaja ZDA, Mohd I. Antioxidative activity of Melia azedarach Linn leaf extract. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2008; 7: 31‐34.
12. Kath RK, Gupta RK. Antioxidant activity of hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum in animal models of peptic ulcer. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 50: 391‐396.
13. Nazeema TH, Brindha V. Antihepatotoxic and antioxidant defence potential of Mimosa pudica. Int J Drug Discovery 2009; 1: 1‐4.
14. Bakshi HB et al. Free radical scavenging activity of Indian healthy (Curcuma longa L.) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. J Appl Biotechnol 2010; 5: 76‐81.
15. Kumaraswamy MV, Satish S. Free radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase inhibition of Woodfordia fructicosa Kurz and Betula utilis wall. Afr J Biotechnol 2008; 7: 2013‐2016.
16. Rachh PR Patel SR, Hirpara HV et al. In vitro Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Gymnema sylvestre R.BR. leaf extract. Rom J Biol 2009; 54: 141-148.
17. Wauthoz N, Balde A, Balde ES et al. Ethanopharmacology of Mangifera indica L. Bark and pharmacological studies of its main C-glucosylxanthone,Mangeferin. Inter J Biomed Pharma Scien 2007; 1: 112‐119.
18. Krishnamoorthy P, Vaithinathan S, Bhuvaneswari A. Protective effect of Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) skeels seed extract on lipid peroxidation in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Nat Prod Radiance 2006; 5: 103‐106.
19. Wu SJ, Ng LT. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn. Var. abbreviata Ser) in Taiwan. LWT‐ Food Scien Tech 2008; 41: 323‐330.
20. Arise RO, Malomo SO, Adebayo JO, Igunnu A. Effects of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus globules on lipid peroxidation and selected enzymes of rat liver. J Med Plant Res 2009; 3: 77- 81.
21. Kirana H, Agrawal SS, Srinivasan BP. Aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa Linn. reduces oxidative stress in experimently induced type 2 diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2009; 47: 822‐826.
22. Xian SW, Chuan HT, Ling C, Xiao QY. Characterization and antioxidant properties of hemp protein hydrolysates obtained with neutrase. Food Technol Biotechnol 2009; 47: 428‐434.
23. Kaleem M, Kirmani D, Asif M, Ahmed Q, Bano B. Biochemical effects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44: 745‐748.
24. Stoilova I, Krastanov A, Stoyanova A, Denev P, Gargova S. Antioxidant activity of a ginger extracts (Zingiber officinale). Food Chem 2006; 102: 764‐770.
25. Miladi S, Damak M. In vitro antioxidant activities of Aloe vera leaf skin extracts. Journal de la Societe Chimique de Tunisie 2008; 10: 101‐109.
26. Mahesh R, Begum VMH. Antioxidant effect of Terminalia chebula aqueous extract on age‐related oxidative stress in heart. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2007; 6: 197‐201.
27. Kiran B, Raveesha KA. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant potentiality of seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. World Appl Sci J 2010; 8: 985‐990.
28. T Ghosh, TK Maity, P Sengupta, DK Dash, A Bose. Antidiabetic and in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri Linn. aerial parts: a possible mechanism of action. Iran J Pharm Res 2008; 7: 61‐68.
29. Yang D, Wang Q, Ke L, Jiang J, Ying T. Antioxidant activities of various extracts of lotus (Nelumbo nuficera Gaertn) rhizome. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16:158‐163.
30. Kaviarasan S, Naik GH, Gangabhagirathi R. In vitro studies on antiradical and antioxidant activities of
fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds. Food Chem 2007; 103: 31–37.
31. P Renuka Devi, S Krishna Kumari, C Kokilavani. Effect of Vitex negundo leaf extract on the free radicals scavengers in complete freund’s adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007; 22: 143‐147.
32. Haddad Khodaparast Mohammad Hosein, Dezashibi Zinab. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of henna leaves extracts (Lawsonia inermis). World J Dairy Food Sci 2007; 2: 38‐41.
33. Zen T. Investigation of antioxidant properties of Nasturtium officinale (water cress) leaf extracts. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ‐ Drug Res 2009; 66:187‐193.
34. E Nikkhah, M Khayami, R Heidari. In vitro antioxidant activity of berry (Morus alba var.nigra). Int J Plant Prod 2009; 3: 15‐18.
35. Jainu M. Devi CSS. Antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum berries on aspirin induced gastric mucosal injury. Indian J Clin Biochem 2004; 19: 57‐61.
36. Ung-Kyu C, Ok-Hwan L, Joo H Y, et al. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol‐fed rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11: 67‐78.
37. Yang Z, Xu Y, Jie G, He P, Tu Y. Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis). Asia Pac J Clin Nut. 2007; 16: 148‐152.
38. Reddy KY, Saravana KA, Mohana LS, Angothu S. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata. Int J Phytopharmacol 2010; 1: 43‐46.
39. Dhalwal K, YS Deshpande YS, Purohit AP, Kadam SS. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Sida cordifolia. Pharm Biol 2009; 43: 754‐761.
40. Nehete J Y, Deshmukh VN, Shewale VV et al. In vitro antioxidant activity of Achyranthes aspera L. J Pharm Res 2009; 2: 1402‐1403.
41. Singh R, Lawania R D, Mishra A, Gupta R. Role of Cordia dichotoma seeds and leaves extract in degenerative disorders. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010; 2: 21‐23.
42. Joharapurkar AA, Zambad SP, Wanjari MM, Umathe SN. In vivo evaluation of antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia Linn and its influence on ethanol induced immunosuppression. Indian J Pharmacol 2003; 35: 232‐236.
43. Ogunlana OE, Ogunlana OO. In vitro assessment of the free radical scavenging Psidium guajava. Res J Agric Biol Sci 2008; 4: 666‐671.
44.Sun T, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of bio fortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colours. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 4142‐4147.
45. Raghbir C Gupta, Vivek Sharma, Nisha Sharma, Neeraj Kumar, Bikram Singh. In vitro antioxidant activity from leaves of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.–A north indian
highly threatened and vulnereable medicinal plant. J Pharm Res 2008; 1: 65‐72.
46. Resmi CR, Venukumar MR, Latha MS. Antioxidant activity of Albizzia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 50: 297‐302.
Published
31/12/2016
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[1]
P. P. Pradeep Pateriya and P. P. Prem Pal, “A review on potential application of antioxidants”, Int J Indig Herb Drug, pp. 29-39, Dec. 2016.
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Review Articles
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