PERILOUS HIV BRINGS OUT DEADLY CANCERS

Camila A Carlman; Bharat Mishra; Anita Patel

doi:10.46956/ijihd.vi.104

Camila A Carlman Department of Pharmacology, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Kerala University of Health & Science, Muvattupuzha, Kerala
Bharat Mishra Department of Pharmacology, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Kerala University of Health & Science, Muvattupuzha, Kerala
Anita Patel Departments of Pharmaceutics, Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar-384315, Gujarat, India

DOI https://doi.org/10.46956/ijihd.vi.104

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is both infectious and contagious disease. The people infected with HIV have an increased risk of cancer while comparing with uninfected people. Kaposi’s sarcoma, aggressive B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma & cervical cancer are the three types of cancers which are termed as “HIV –associated cancers”. Apart from these cancers, HIV patients are prone to cancers of anus, liver, lung, pharynx which are termed as “non-AIDS defining cancers”. Viral oncogenesis and cytokine induced growth contribute to the development of Kaposi sarcoma. Several virally encoded genes such as bcl-2, IL-6, cyclin-D, GPCR & interferon regulatory factor, plays key role in cellular proliferation and survival. Infection with HIV weakens the immune system and reduces the body’s ability to fight against viral infections that may lead to cancer. Immunosuppression and inflammation in HIV patients also contribute to cancer progression. The complications of AIDS- related cancers include easy bleeding and bruising, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, mouth sores, hair loss etc. According to the data, HIV infected males are more susceptible to Kaposi’s sarcoma and Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma whereas females are more liable to cervical cancers. Early diagnosis and treatment options help to drop the risk of AIDS related cancers. The HAART therapy reduces the risk of cancer in HIV patients by lowering the amount of HIV circulating in blood, so that function of immune system to fight against the virus can be restored. Other treatment methods are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation and surgery.

Keywords: HIV, HIV-associated cancers, Kaposi sarcoma, cyclin-D, Immunosuppression, HAART

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Alvaro H Borger, Robert Dubrow, Michael J Silverberg et al. Factors contributing to risk for cancer among HIV-infected individuals & evidence that earlier cART will alter this risk, HHS Public Access, Jan 1, 2015, pg. no: 34-40.
2. How are HIV and AIDS related to cancer, American Cancer Society, July 25, 2014.
3. Gregory D Kirk, Christian Merlo, Peter O’ Driscoll et al. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for Lung cancer, independent of smoking, IDSA, July 1, 2007,Vol.45 (pg .103-110).
4. Wistuba II, Behrens C, Milchgrub S, et al. Comparison of molecular changes in lung cancers in HIV-Positive and HIV- indeterminate subjects, JAMA, 1998, Vol.279 (pg.1554-9).
5. Robert Yashoan, Thomas S. Uldrick, et al. HIV associated cancer & Related diseases, NEJM, Mar 15, 2018, pg.1029-41.
6. Meredith S. Shields, Eric A. Engels, et al. Evolving epidemiology of HIV associated malignancies, HHS Public Access, Jan1,2017, pg.6-11.
7. Engels EA, Biggar RJ, Hall HI, Cross H, Crutchfield A, Finch JL, et al. Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States, Int. J Cancer. 2008; 123:187-194. [PubMed][Google Scholar].
8. Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, Hamavid H, Moradi-Lakeh Macintyre MF, et al. The Global Burden of cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol. 2015; 505-527[PubMed] [Google Scholar].
9. Savita V Dandasani, Michael Eaton, Charles R Thomas, et al. HIV positive and cancer: an update for the clinician. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. Sep, 2010. Pg.34-44.
10. Sam M Mbulalteye, D. Maxwell Parkin, Charles S Rabkin, et al. Epidemiology of AIDS related malignancies. Plum X Metrices. June1, 2003. Vol; 17 (pg. 1673-696).
11. Zhou F, Xue M, Qin D, et al. HIV Tat promotes Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) vIL-6-induced angiogenesis and tumorigenesis by regulating PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK-3 beta signalling pathway. 2013; 8:e53145. [PMC free article].
12. Phelps RM, Smith DK, Heiling CM, et al. Cancer incidence in women with or at risk for HIV, Int J Cancer, 2001,vol.94 (pg. 753-7).
13. Siverberg MJ, Chao C, Leyden WA, et al. HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.2011; 20:2551-2559[PubMed] [Google Scholar].
14. D’Souza G, Wiley DJ, Li X, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of anal cancer in the multicentre AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008; 48:491-499.
15. Thompson LD, Fisher SI, Chu WS, et al. HIV associated Hodgkin lymphoma: a clinicopathogenic and immunophenotypic study of 45 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004; 121:727-738.
16. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hiv-fact-sheet
17. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/hivaids-related-cancer/types-treatment
18. SCleatoraKFifeabMNelsonbBGazzardbRPhillipsaMBowerbet.al, Treatment of HIV-associated invasive anal cancer with combined chemo radiation, Cancer, Volume, April 2000, Pages 754-758.
19. https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/hiv-and-cancer
20. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aids-related-kaposi-sarcoma-staging-and-treatment?source=related-link
21. Álvaro H Borges, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and cancer risk 2017 Jan; 12(1): 12–19.
22. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103:753–762.
23. Silverberg MJ, Chao C, Leyden WA, et al. HIV infection and the risk of cancers with and without a known infectious cause. AIDS. 2009; 23:2337–2345.
24. International Collaboration on HIV and Cancer Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92:1823–1830.
25. Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M, et al. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97:425–432.
26. Hessol NA, Pipkin S, Schwarcz S, et al. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS-defining cancers among adults with AIDS. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 165:1143–1153.
27. Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, et al. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003. Ann Intern Med. 2008; 148:728–736.
28. Biggar RJ, Chaturvedi AK, Goedert JJ, et al. AIDS-related cancer and severity of immunosuppression in persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007; 99:962–972.
29. Monforte Ad, Abrams D, Pradier C, et al. HIV-induced immunodeficiency and mortality from AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS. 2008; 22:2143–2153.